annotate docs/WAC2016/WAC2016.tex @ 1952:b0c6106afd44

Add interfaces section to WAC paper

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%% DOI
%\doi{10.475/123_4}
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%% ISBN
%\isbn{123-4567-24-567/08/06}
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%%Conference
%\conferenceinfo{PLDI '13}{June 16--19, 2013, Seattle, WA, USA}
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%\acmPrice{\$15.00}

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\conferenceinfo{Web Audio Conference WAC-2016,}{April 4--6, 2016, Atlanta, USA}
\CopyrightYear{2016} % Allows default copyright year (20XX) to be over-ridden - IF NEED BE.
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\title{Web Audio Evaluation Tool: A framework for subjective assessment of audio}
%\subtitle{[Extended Abstract]
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\alignauthor Brecht De Man\\
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\alignauthor David Moffat\\
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\alignauthor Joshua D. Reiss\\
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\and % new line for address
       \affaddr{Centre for Digital Music}\\
       \affaddr{School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science}\\
       \affaddr{Queen Mary University of London}\\
       \affaddr{Mile End Road,}
       \affaddr{London E1 4NS}\\
       \affaddr{United Kingdom}\\
}
%Centre for Digital Music, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London
%% 5th. author
%\alignauthor Sean Fogarty\\
%       \affaddr{NASA Ames Research Center}\\
%       \affaddr{Moffett Field}\\
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%\alignauthor Charles Palmer\\
%       \affaddr{Palmer Research Laboratories}\\
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%\additionalauthors{Additional authors: John Smith (The Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Group,
%email: {\texttt{[e-mail]}}) and Julius P.~Kumquat
%(The Kumquat Consortium, email: {\texttt{[e-mail]}}).}
\date{1 October 2015}
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\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
Here comes the abstract. 
\end{abstract}


\section{Introduction}

	% Listening tests/perceptual audio evaluation: what are they, why are they important
	% As opposed to limited scope of WAC15 paper: also musical features, realism of sound effects / sound synthesis, performance of source separation and other algorithms... 
	Perceptual evaluation of audio, in the form of listening tests, is a powerful way to assess anything from audio codec quality over realism of sound synthesis to the performance of source separation, automated music production and 
	In less technical areas, the framework of a listening test can be used to measure emotional response to music or test cognitive abilities. % maybe some references? If there's space.

	% check out http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10055-015-0270-8 - only paper that cited WAC15 paper

	% Why difficult? Challenges? What constitutes a good interface? 
	Technical, interfaces, user friendliness, reliability 

	Note that the design of an effective listening test further poses many challenges unrelated to interface design, which are beyond the scope of this paper \cite{bech}. 

	% Why in the browser? 
	Web Audio API has made some essential features like sample manipulation of audio streams possible \cite{schoeffler2015mushra}.
	
	Situating the Web Audio Evaluation Tool between other currently available evaluation tools, ...
	
	% only browser-based? 
	\begin{table*}[ht]
        \caption{Table with existing listening test platforms and their features}
        \begin{center}
        	\begin{tabular}{|*{6}{l|}}
        		\hline
        		\textbf{Name} 	& \textbf{Ref.} 	& \textbf{Language} 	& \textbf{Interfaces} 			& \textbf{Remote} 			& \textbf{All UI} 	\\
        		\hline
        		APE 			& \cite{ape}		& MATLAB				& multiple stimulus one axis 	& 							& 			\\
        		BeaqleJS		& \cite{beaqlejs}	& JavaScript			& 								& not natively supported 	& \\
        		HULTI-GEN 		& \cite{hultigen}	& MAX 					& 								& 							& \checkmark \\
        		\textbf{WAET}	& \cite{waet}		& JavaScript			& \textbf{all of the above}		& \checkmark				& \checkmark \\
        		\hline
        	\end{tabular}
        \end{center}
        \label{tab:toolboxes}
        \end{table*}%

        % about BeaqleJS
        ... However, BeaqleJS \cite{beaqlejs} does not make use of the Web Audio API, %requires programming knowledge... 

        % 
        Selling points: remote tests, visualisaton, create your own test in the browser, many interfaces, few/no dependencies, flexibility

        As recruiting participants can be very time-consuming, and as for some tests a large number of participants is needed, browser-based tests \cite{schoeffler2015mushra}. However, to our knowledge, no tool currently exists that allows the creation of a remotely accessible listening test. % I wonder what you can do with Amazon Mechanical Turk and the likes. 

        [Talking about what we do in the various sections of this paper. Referring to \cite{waet}. ]

        % MEETING 8 OCTOBER
        \subsection{Meeting 8 October}
        \begin{itemize}
        	\item Do we manipulate audio?\\
	        	\begin{itemize}
	        		\item Add loudness equalisation? (test\_create.html) Tag with gains. 
	        		\item Add volume slider? 
	        		\item Cross-fade (in interface node): default 0, number of seconds
	        		\item Also: we use the playback buffer to present metrics of which portion is listened to
	        	\end{itemize}
	        \item Logging system information: whichever are possible (justify others)
	        \item Input streams as audioelements
	       	\item Capture microphone to estimate loudness (especially Macbook)
	       	\item Test page (in-built oscillators): left-right calibration, ramp up test tone until you hear it; optional compensating EQ (future work implementing own filters) --> Highlight issues! 
	       	\item Record IP address (PHP function, grab and append to XML file)
	       	\item Expand anchor/reference options
	       	\item AB / ABX
        \end{itemize}

        \subsubsection{Issues}
        \begin{itemize}
        	\item Filters not consistent (Nick to test across browsers)
        	\item Playback audiobuffers need to be destroyed and rebuilt each time
        	\item Can't get channel data, hardware input/output... 
        \end{itemize}

	
\section{Architecture}  % title? 'back end'? % NICK
	A slightly technical overview of the system. Talk about XML, JavaScript, Web Audio API, HTML5. 
	Describe and/or visualise audioholder-audioelement-... structure. 

	% see also SMC12 - less detail here

	Which type of files? % WAV, anything else? Perhaps not exhaustive list, but say something along the lines of 'whatever browser supports'
	
	Streaming audio? % probably not, unless it's easy

	Compatibility? % not IE, everything else fine? 


	
	
\section{Remote tests} % with previous? 

	If the experimenter is willing to trade some degree of control for a higher number of participants, the test can be hosted on a web server so that subjects can take part remotely. This way, a link can be shared widely in the hope of attracting a large amount of subjects, while listening conditions and subject reliability may be less ideal. However, a sound system calibration page and a wide range of metrics logged during the test mitigate these problems. Note also that in some experiments, it may be preferred that the subject has a `real life', familiar listening set-up, for instance when perceived quality differences on everyday sound systems are investigated. 
	Furthermore, a fully browser-based test, where the collection of the results is automatic, is more efficient and technically reliable even when the test still takes place under lab conditions.

	The following features allow easy and effective remote testing: 
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,nolistsep]
		\item PHP script to collect result XML files
		\item Randomly pick specified number of audioholders
		\item Calibration
		\item Functionality to participate multiple times
			\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,nolistsep]
				\item Possible to log in with unique ID (no password)
				\item Pick `new user' (need new, unique ID) or `already participated' (need already available ID)
				\item Store XML on server with IDs plus which audioholders have already been listened to
				\item Don't show `post-test' survey after first time
				\item Pick `new' audioholders if available
				\item Copy survey information first time to new XMLs
			\end{itemize}
		\item Intermediate saves
		\item Collect IP address information (privacy issues?) --> geo-related API? 
		\item Time measurement - see before or 
	\end{itemize}

	
\section{Interfaces} % title? 'Front end'? % Dave

The purpose of this listening test framework is to allow any user the maximum flexibility to design a listening test for their exact application with minimum effort. To this end, a large range of standard listening test interfaces have been implemented. A review of existing listening test frameworks was undertaken and presented in~\Cref{tab:toolboxes}. HULTI-GEN~\cite{hultigen} is a single toolbox that presents the user with a large number of different test interfaces and allows for customisation of each test interface.

To provide users with a flexible system, a large range of `standard' listening test interfaces have been implemented, including:
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,nolistsep]
		\item MUSHRA (ITU-R BS. 1534)~\cite{recommendation20031534}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Multiple stimuli are presented and rated on a continuous scale, which includes a reference, hidden reference and hidden anchors.
		\end{itemize}
		\item Rank Scale~\cite{pascoe1983evaluation}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Stimuli ranked on single horizontal scale, where they are ordered in preference order.
		\end{itemize}
		\item Likert scale~\cite{likert1932technique}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a five point scale with values: Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree.
		\end{itemize}
		\item ABC/HR (ITU-R BS. 1116)~\cite{recommendation19971116} (Mean Opinion Score: MOS)
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimulus has a continuous scale (5-1), labeled as Imperceptible, Perceptible but not annoying, slightly annoying, annoying, very annoying.
		\end{itemize}
		\item -50 to 50 Bipolar with Ref
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimulus has a continuous scale -50 to 50 with default values as 0 in middle and a comparison. There is also a provided reference		\end{itemize}
		\item Absolute Category Rating (ACR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a five point scale with values: Bad, Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent
		\end{itemize}
		\item Degredation Category Rating (DCR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a five point scale with values: (5) Inaudible, (4) Audible but not annoying, (3) slightly annoying, (2) annoying, (1) very annoying.
		\end{itemize}
		\item Comparison Category Rating (CCR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a seven point scale with values: Much Better, Better, Slightly Better, About the same, slightly worse, worse, much worse. There is also a provided reference.
		\end{itemize}
		\item 9 Point Hedonic Category Rating Scale~\cite{peryam1952advanced}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a seven point scale with values: Like Extremely, Like Very Much, Like Moderate, Like Slightly, Neither Like nor Dislike, dislike Extremely, dislike Very Much, dislike Moderate, dislike Slightly. There is also a provided reference.
			\end{itemize}
		\item ITU-R 5 Point Continuous Impairment Scale~\cite{rec1997bs}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Each stimuli has a five point scale with values: (5) Imperceptible, (4) Perceptible but not annoying, (3) slightly annoying, (2) annoying, (1) very annoying. There is also a provided reference.
		\end{itemize}
		\item Pairwise Comparison (Better/Worse)~\cite{david1963method}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item A reference is provided and ever stimulus is rated as being either better or worse than the reference.
		\end{itemize}
		\item APE style \cite{ape}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Multiple stimuli on a single horizontal slider for inter-sample rating.
		\end{itemize}
		\item Multi attribute ratings
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Multiple stimuli as points on a 2D plane for inter-sample rating (eg. Valence Arousal)
		\end{itemize}
		\item AB Test~\cite{lipshitz1981great}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Two stimuli are presented at a time and the participant has to select a preferred stimulus.
		\end{itemize}
		\item ABX Test~\cite{clark1982high}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Two stimuli are presented along with a reference and the participant has to select a preferred stimulus, often the closest to the reference.
		\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
	
	While implementing all of these interfaces, it is possible to include any number of references, anchors, hidden references and hidden anchors into all of these listening test formats.
	
%%%%	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,nolistsep]
%%%%		\item (APE style) \cite{ape}
%%%%		\item Multi attribute ratings
%%%%		\item MUSHRA (ITU-R BS. 1534)~\cite{recommendation20031534}
%%%%		\item Interval Scale~\cite{zacharov1999round}
%%%%		\item Rank Scale~\cite{pascoe1983evaluation}
%%%%		
%%%%		\item 2D Plane rating - e.g. Valence vs. Arousal~\cite{carroll1969individual}
%%%%		\item Likert scale~\cite{likert1932technique}
%%%%		
%%%%		\item {\bf All the following are the interfaces available in HULTI-GEN~\cite{hultigen} }
%%%%		\item ABC/HR (ITU-R BS. 1116)~\cite{recommendation19971116}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item Continuous Scale (5-1) Imperceptible, Perceptible but not annoying, slightly annoying, annoying, very annoying. (default Inaudible?)
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item -50 to 50 Bipolar with Ref
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item Scale -50 to 50 on Mushra with default values as 0 in middle and a comparison ``Reference'' to compare to 0 value
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item Absolute Category Rating (ACR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 5 point Scale - Bad, Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent (Default fair?)
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item Degredation Category Rating (DCR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 5 point Scale - Inaudible, Audible but not annoying, slightly annoying, annoying, very annoying. (default Inaudible?) - {\it Basically just quantised ABC/HR?}
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item Comparison Category Rating (CCR) Scale~\cite{rec1996p}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 7 point scale: Much Better, Better, Slightly Better, About the same, slightly worse, worse, much worse - Default about the same with reference to compare to
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item 9 Point Hedonic Category Rating Scale~\cite{peryam1952advanced}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 9 point scale: Like Extremely, Like Very Much, Like Moderate, Like Slightly, Neither Like nor Dislike, dislike Extremely, dislike Very Much, dislike Moderate, dislike Slightly  - Default Neither Like nor Dislike with reference to compare to
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item ITU-R 5 Point Continuous Impairment Scale~\cite{rec1997bs}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 5 point Scale (5-1) Imperceptible, Perceptible but not annoying, slightly annoying, annoying, very annoying. (default Inaudible?)- {\it Basically just quantised ABC/HR, or Different named DCR}
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%		\item Pairwise Comparison (Better/Worse)~\cite{david1963method}
%%%%		\begin{itemize}
%%%%			\item 2 point Scale - Better or Worse - (not sure how to default this - they default everything to better, which is an interesting choice)
%%%%		\end{itemize}
%%%%	\end{itemize}
	
{	\bf A screenshot would be nice. 

	`Build your own test'

	Elements present to build any of the following interfaces, and many more: axes, markers, labels, anchors, references, reference signal button, stop button, comment boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, transport/scrubber bar

	Established tests (see below) included as `presets' in the build-your-own-test page. }

\section{Analysis and diagnostics}
	% don't mention Python scripts
	It would be great to have easy-to-use analysis tools to visualise the collected data and even do science with it. Even better would be to have all this in the browser. Complete perfection would be achieved if and when only limited setup, installation time, and expertise are required for the average non-CS researcher to use this. 
	
	The following could be nice: 
	
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,nolistsep]
		\item Web page showing all audioholder IDs, file names, subject IDs, audio element IDs, ... in the collected XMLs so far (\texttt{saves/*.xml})
		\item Check/uncheck each of the above for analysis (e.g. zoom in on a certain song, or exclude a subset of subjects)
		\item Click a mix to hear it (follow path in XML setup file, which is also embedded in the XML result file)
		\item Box plot, confidence plot, scatter plot of values (for a given audioholder)
		\item Timeline for a specific subject (see Python scripts), perhaps re-playing the experiment in X times realtime. (If actual realtime, you could replay the audio...)
		\item Distribution plots of any radio button and number questions (drop-down menu with `pretest', `posttest', ...; then drop-down menu with question `IDs' like `gender', `age', ...; make pie chart/histogram of these values over selected range of XMLs)
		\item All `comments' on a specific audioelement
		\item A `download' button for a nice CSV of various things (values, survey responses, comments) people might want to use for analysis, e.g. when XML scares them
		\item Validation of setup XMLs (easily spot `errors', like duplicate IDs or URLs, missing/dangling tags, ...)
	\end{itemize}

	A subset of the above would already be nice for this paper. 
	
	Some pictures here please. 

\section{Concluding remarks and future work}
	
	The code and documentation can be pulled or downloaded from \url{code.soundsoftware.ac.uk/projects/webaudioevaluationtool}. 
	
	[Talking a little bit about what else might happen. Unless we really want to wrap this up. ]

	Use \cite{schoeffler2015mushra} as a `checklist', even though it only considers subjective evaluation of audio systems (and focuses on the requirements for a MUSHRA test).
		% remote
		% language support (not explicitly stated)
		% crossfades
		% choosing speakers/sound device from within browser? 
		% collect information about software and sound system
		% buttons, scales, ... UI elements
		% must be able to load uncompressed PCM

	[What can we not do? `Method of adjustment', as in \cite{schoeffler2015mushra} is another can of worms, because, like, you could adjust lots of things (volume is just one of them, that could be done quite easily). Same for using input signals like the participant's voice. Either leave out, or mention this requires modification of the code we provide.]

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