List of viewpoints » History » Version 3
Version 2 (Marcus Pearce, 2012-04-27 10:11 AM) → Version 3/9 (Marcus Pearce, 2012-04-27 10:13 AM)
Based on "Pearce [2005]":http://webprojects.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/marcusp/papers/Pearce2005.pdf especially table 5.2, p 80 and the relevant source code - mostly <code>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</code> <pre>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</pre> in amuse-viewpoints. Entry order is based on category, then order of appearance in source file.
h1. Basic Viewpoints
Unless otherwise indicated, these give information about the last event in the sequence
* *onset:* Start time (using <code>amuse:timepoint</code>) <pre>amuse:timepoint</pre>)
* *cpitch:* Midi pitch number, where chromatic notes are counted up and down from middle C = 60 (uses <code>amuse:chromatic-pitch-number</code>) <pre>amuse:chromatic-pitch-number</pre>)
* *dur:* Duration (using <code>amuse:duration</code>) <pre>amuse:duration</pre>)
* *keysig:* Integer indicating the position of the key signature on a line of fifths with C major = 0. Roughly corresponds to a positive count of the number of sharps or a negative count of the number of flats (corresponds exactly if the range is limited as indicated in the table to +/-7, since this avoids double accidentals, but that limitation appears unjustified in the general case). Uses <code>amuse:key-signature-sharps</code>. <pre>amuse:key-signature-sharps</pre>.
* *mode:* Major = 0, minor = 9 (the choice of 9 is based on an article about pitch sets in modes, allowing a crude representation of the simpler common modes: Dorian is 2, Lydian 5, etc).
* *tempo:* Currently applicable tempo in bpm.
* *pulses:* Beats/pulses/tactus units in a bar (uses <code>amuse:beat-units-per-bar</code> <pre>amuse:beat-units-per-bar</pre> on the applicable time signature - this may give interesting results for unusual cases).
* *barlength:* Basic time units (ticks) in a bar, based on the timebase (N.B. Viewpoints export information to a database and so avoid the arbitrary fractions used in amuse as a whole)
* *deltast:* Gap between last note and its predecessor (returns 0 for first note).
* *bioi:* Basic Inter Onset Interval between ultimate and penultimate onsets (returns 0 for first note).
* *phrase:* 1 if event begins a phrase, -1 if it ends a phrase. Otherwise 0.
_Additional viewpoints (since Pearce, 2005)_
* *mpitch:* Meredith's morphetic pitch - count of name-notes (white notes) up or down from middle C = 35 (N.B. This number itself is 12 greater than the one used for the same purpose by AMuSE. I don't remember why or which DM himself uses - DL)
* *accidental:* Inflection of name note, so 0 for a natural, 1 for a single sharp, 2 for a double sharp, -1 for a flat and so on. Uses <code>amuse:diatonic-pitch-accidental</code> <pre>amuse:diatonic-pitch-accidental</pre>
_Viewpoints awaiting a general Amuse implementation_
* *dyn:* (dynamics): ppppp = -11; pppp = -9; ppp = -7; pp = -5; p = -3; mp = -1; mf = 1; f = 3; ff = 5; fff = 7; ffff = 9; fffff = 11
* *voice:* voice number in a score (voice 0 assumed to be the monody)
* *ornament:* note ornaments (0 = no ornament; 1 = accacciatura; 2 = mordent; 3 = trill)
* *comma:* 0 = no comma; 1 = comma (breath mark)
* *articulation:* 0 = no articulation mark; 1 = staccato; 2 = staccatissimo; 3 = sforzando; 4 = marcato
(These have _to do_ notes in <code>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</code>.) <pre>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</pre>.)
h1. Derived Viewpoints
h2. Primitive derived viewpoints
* *ioi:* (onset) - Like bioi, though giving +undefined+ for one-event sequence.
* *posinbar:* (onset) - Time offset from beginning of bar.
* *dur-ratio:* (dur) - Duration of last / duration of previous
* *referent:* (keysig) - Chromatic interval of tonic from C (e.g. C major gives 0, F minor gives 5, F major also 5, Bb minor 10). Necessary for deriving scale degree.
* *cpint:* (cpitch) - Chromatic pitch interval
* *contour:* (cpitch) - -1 for a descending interval, 0 unison, 1 ascending (equivalent to d, r and u respectively in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_code Parson’s code]).
* *cpitch-class:* (cpitch) - cpitch modulo 12 (so C = 0, D = 2, etc.)
* *cpcint:* (cpitch) - equivalent to cpint modulo 12 (so both perfect unison and perfect octave = 0), but _preserving sign_, so ascending and descending intervals are still discriminated. (It looks like this was originally calculated as cpcint-size and then redefined when cpcint-size was added. This makes it more consistent with cpint.)
* *cpintfref:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from tonic (0 = tonic, 4 mediant, 7 dominant, etc.)
* *cpintfip:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from first event in piece.
* *cpintfiph:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from first event in phrase.
* *cpintfib:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from event at time 0 in bar (+undefined+ if event is itself at time 0 or if there is nothing at time 0).
* *inscale:* (cpitch) - Returns 1 if event would not require an accidental as a result of the prevailing key signature and 0 if it would (i.e. in A minor, members of the set {A, B, C, D, E, F, G} return true, with all others, including the leading note returning 0).
_Additional viewpoints (not in Pearce 2005)_
* *ioi-ratio:* (onset) - ioi divided by the previous ioi (requires at least 3 events).
* *bioi-ratio:* (bioi) - bioi divided by the previous ioi (requires at least 3 events).
* *bioi-contour:* (bioi) - whether bioi gets larger, smaller or stays the same between consecutive events
* *lphrase:* (phrase) - I _think_ that this finds the duration of the preceding phrase iff the last event in the sequence is at a phrase boundary.
* *cpint-size:* (cpitch) - Absolute value for <code>cpint<code> <pre>cpint<pre> (not to be confused with <code>pint-size</code>, <pre>pint-size</pre>, which is 20fl.oz.)
* *newcontour:* (cpitch) - Returns 1 if contour is unchanged from preceding contour, 0 if it is different.∇
* *cpcint-size:* (cpitch) - Absolute value for cpcint.
* *cpcint-2:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 2. No, I don't know why.
* *cpcint-3:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 3.
* *cpcint-4:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 4.
* *cpcint-5:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 5.
* *cpcint-6:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 6.
* *octave:* (cpitch) - Octave number, where middle C (and the 11 notes above) is 5 (based on chromatic pitch, so the same as (but 1 higher) <code>amuse:octave</code>, <pre>amuse:octave</pre>, but different from <code>amuse:diatonic-pitch octave</code>, <pre>amuse:diatonic-pitch octave</pre>, which takes spelling into account)
* *tessitura:*: (cpitch) Apparently based on something from the Bach chorales. 0 if lower than F# above middle C (probably including the complete range of Bach basses), 1 if between that F# and the D above it (no idea) and 2 if above that D (probably rare for altos in chorales, otherwise, top voice only).
* *registral-direction:* (cpitch) Is a large (>= perfect fifth) jump followed by a direction change? Is a small (<= perfect fourth) jump followed by a move in the same direction? If the answer to either is yes, return 1, otherwise 0. (N.B. a tritone move is undefined, I think because it isn't really relevant to the theory - the movement after a tritone is almost always to resolve a harmonic issue. Also, since this is based on chromatic intervals, despite my use of diatonic ones in the description, a diminished fifth and an augmented fourth would look the same).
* *intervallic-difference:* (cpitch) Is a large jump followed by a smaller (3 semitones smaller if in the same direction or 2 semitones if reversing the direction) jump? Is a small jump followed by a similar interval? I think this returns 1 in these cases, and 0 otherswise. I could be wrong.
* *registral-return:* (cpitch) If the last three notes form a move away from and then back to a pitch returns 3. If the returned to pitch is only a semitone away, returns 2, if a tone returns 1. Otherwise returns 0. The pitch contour must be an arch (\/ or /\), with a rising or falling contour or with any pitch repeated, this returns 0.
* *proximity:* (cpitch) 6 minus the number of semitones in the last interval: 0 if the last interval is a tritone or greater; 1 for a perfect fourth; 4 for a tone; 6 for a unison.
* *closure:* (cpitch) Also based on the shape defined by the last 3 notes. Scores 1 point for a change of direction, 1 point for an interval that is more than a tone smaller than the preceding one (so score can be 0, 1, 2)
* *mpitch-class:* (mpitch) 0-7, representing the diatonic pitch set.
h2. Test viewpoints
So called because they return a boolean value testing whether a condition is satisfied at a particular point in a melody:
* *fib* (onset): First In Bar (is this the first note in the current bar?)
* *crotchet* (onset): is this note on a crotchet pulse?
* *tactus* (onset): is this note on tactus pulse?
* *fiph* (phrase): is this note the first in a phrase?
* *liph* (phrase): is this note the last in a phrase?
h2. Threaded viewpoints
So called because they return the value of any viewpoint at locations defined by a test viewpoint (and are undefined wherever the test viewpoint is false)
* *thrbar* (cpitch onset): cpint % fib
* *thrfiph* (cpitch onset): cpint % fiph
* *thrliph* (cpitch onset): cpint % liph
* *thrqu* (cpitch onset): cpint % crotchet
* *thrtactus* (cpitch onset): cpint % tactus
* *thrintfrefliph* (cpitch onset): cpintfref % liph
h2. Linked viewpoints
Any viewpoints, basic or derived, may be linked into product type whose domain (or alphabet) is the Cartesian product of the domains of the component viewpoints. Pearce (2005) limited himself to a fixed collection of links between two component (basic or primitive derived) viewpoints.
h1. Basic Viewpoints
Unless otherwise indicated, these give information about the last event in the sequence
* *onset:* Start time (using <code>amuse:timepoint</code>) <pre>amuse:timepoint</pre>)
* *cpitch:* Midi pitch number, where chromatic notes are counted up and down from middle C = 60 (uses <code>amuse:chromatic-pitch-number</code>) <pre>amuse:chromatic-pitch-number</pre>)
* *dur:* Duration (using <code>amuse:duration</code>) <pre>amuse:duration</pre>)
* *keysig:* Integer indicating the position of the key signature on a line of fifths with C major = 0. Roughly corresponds to a positive count of the number of sharps or a negative count of the number of flats (corresponds exactly if the range is limited as indicated in the table to +/-7, since this avoids double accidentals, but that limitation appears unjustified in the general case). Uses <code>amuse:key-signature-sharps</code>. <pre>amuse:key-signature-sharps</pre>.
* *mode:* Major = 0, minor = 9 (the choice of 9 is based on an article about pitch sets in modes, allowing a crude representation of the simpler common modes: Dorian is 2, Lydian 5, etc).
* *tempo:* Currently applicable tempo in bpm.
* *pulses:* Beats/pulses/tactus units in a bar (uses <code>amuse:beat-units-per-bar</code> <pre>amuse:beat-units-per-bar</pre> on the applicable time signature - this may give interesting results for unusual cases).
* *barlength:* Basic time units (ticks) in a bar, based on the timebase (N.B. Viewpoints export information to a database and so avoid the arbitrary fractions used in amuse as a whole)
* *deltast:* Gap between last note and its predecessor (returns 0 for first note).
* *bioi:* Basic Inter Onset Interval between ultimate and penultimate onsets (returns 0 for first note).
* *phrase:* 1 if event begins a phrase, -1 if it ends a phrase. Otherwise 0.
_Additional viewpoints (since Pearce, 2005)_
* *mpitch:* Meredith's morphetic pitch - count of name-notes (white notes) up or down from middle C = 35 (N.B. This number itself is 12 greater than the one used for the same purpose by AMuSE. I don't remember why or which DM himself uses - DL)
* *accidental:* Inflection of name note, so 0 for a natural, 1 for a single sharp, 2 for a double sharp, -1 for a flat and so on. Uses <code>amuse:diatonic-pitch-accidental</code> <pre>amuse:diatonic-pitch-accidental</pre>
_Viewpoints awaiting a general Amuse implementation_
* *dyn:* (dynamics): ppppp = -11; pppp = -9; ppp = -7; pp = -5; p = -3; mp = -1; mf = 1; f = 3; ff = 5; fff = 7; ffff = 9; fffff = 11
* *voice:* voice number in a score (voice 0 assumed to be the monody)
* *ornament:* note ornaments (0 = no ornament; 1 = accacciatura; 2 = mordent; 3 = trill)
* *comma:* 0 = no comma; 1 = comma (breath mark)
* *articulation:* 0 = no articulation mark; 1 = staccato; 2 = staccatissimo; 3 = sforzando; 4 = marcato
(These have _to do_ notes in <code>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</code>.) <pre>viewpoint-definitions.lisp</pre>.)
h1. Derived Viewpoints
h2. Primitive derived viewpoints
* *ioi:* (onset) - Like bioi, though giving +undefined+ for one-event sequence.
* *posinbar:* (onset) - Time offset from beginning of bar.
* *dur-ratio:* (dur) - Duration of last / duration of previous
* *referent:* (keysig) - Chromatic interval of tonic from C (e.g. C major gives 0, F minor gives 5, F major also 5, Bb minor 10). Necessary for deriving scale degree.
* *cpint:* (cpitch) - Chromatic pitch interval
* *contour:* (cpitch) - -1 for a descending interval, 0 unison, 1 ascending (equivalent to d, r and u respectively in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_code Parson’s code]).
* *cpitch-class:* (cpitch) - cpitch modulo 12 (so C = 0, D = 2, etc.)
* *cpcint:* (cpitch) - equivalent to cpint modulo 12 (so both perfect unison and perfect octave = 0), but _preserving sign_, so ascending and descending intervals are still discriminated. (It looks like this was originally calculated as cpcint-size and then redefined when cpcint-size was added. This makes it more consistent with cpint.)
* *cpintfref:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from tonic (0 = tonic, 4 mediant, 7 dominant, etc.)
* *cpintfip:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from first event in piece.
* *cpintfiph:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from first event in phrase.
* *cpintfib:* (cpitch) - Chromatic interval from event at time 0 in bar (+undefined+ if event is itself at time 0 or if there is nothing at time 0).
* *inscale:* (cpitch) - Returns 1 if event would not require an accidental as a result of the prevailing key signature and 0 if it would (i.e. in A minor, members of the set {A, B, C, D, E, F, G} return true, with all others, including the leading note returning 0).
_Additional viewpoints (not in Pearce 2005)_
* *ioi-ratio:* (onset) - ioi divided by the previous ioi (requires at least 3 events).
* *bioi-ratio:* (bioi) - bioi divided by the previous ioi (requires at least 3 events).
* *bioi-contour:* (bioi) - whether bioi gets larger, smaller or stays the same between consecutive events
* *lphrase:* (phrase) - I _think_ that this finds the duration of the preceding phrase iff the last event in the sequence is at a phrase boundary.
* *cpint-size:* (cpitch) - Absolute value for <code>cpint<code> <pre>cpint<pre> (not to be confused with <code>pint-size</code>, <pre>pint-size</pre>, which is 20fl.oz.)
* *newcontour:* (cpitch) - Returns 1 if contour is unchanged from preceding contour, 0 if it is different.∇
* *cpcint-size:* (cpitch) - Absolute value for cpcint.
* *cpcint-2:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 2. No, I don't know why.
* *cpcint-3:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 3.
* *cpcint-4:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 4.
* *cpcint-5:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 5.
* *cpcint-6:* (cpitch) - cpcint-size modulo 6.
* *octave:* (cpitch) - Octave number, where middle C (and the 11 notes above) is 5 (based on chromatic pitch, so the same as (but 1 higher) <code>amuse:octave</code>, <pre>amuse:octave</pre>, but different from <code>amuse:diatonic-pitch octave</code>, <pre>amuse:diatonic-pitch octave</pre>, which takes spelling into account)
* *tessitura:*: (cpitch) Apparently based on something from the Bach chorales. 0 if lower than F# above middle C (probably including the complete range of Bach basses), 1 if between that F# and the D above it (no idea) and 2 if above that D (probably rare for altos in chorales, otherwise, top voice only).
* *registral-direction:* (cpitch) Is a large (>= perfect fifth) jump followed by a direction change? Is a small (<= perfect fourth) jump followed by a move in the same direction? If the answer to either is yes, return 1, otherwise 0. (N.B. a tritone move is undefined, I think because it isn't really relevant to the theory - the movement after a tritone is almost always to resolve a harmonic issue. Also, since this is based on chromatic intervals, despite my use of diatonic ones in the description, a diminished fifth and an augmented fourth would look the same).
* *intervallic-difference:* (cpitch) Is a large jump followed by a smaller (3 semitones smaller if in the same direction or 2 semitones if reversing the direction) jump? Is a small jump followed by a similar interval? I think this returns 1 in these cases, and 0 otherswise. I could be wrong.
* *registral-return:* (cpitch) If the last three notes form a move away from and then back to a pitch returns 3. If the returned to pitch is only a semitone away, returns 2, if a tone returns 1. Otherwise returns 0. The pitch contour must be an arch (\/ or /\), with a rising or falling contour or with any pitch repeated, this returns 0.
* *proximity:* (cpitch) 6 minus the number of semitones in the last interval: 0 if the last interval is a tritone or greater; 1 for a perfect fourth; 4 for a tone; 6 for a unison.
* *closure:* (cpitch) Also based on the shape defined by the last 3 notes. Scores 1 point for a change of direction, 1 point for an interval that is more than a tone smaller than the preceding one (so score can be 0, 1, 2)
* *mpitch-class:* (mpitch) 0-7, representing the diatonic pitch set.
h2. Test viewpoints
So called because they return a boolean value testing whether a condition is satisfied at a particular point in a melody:
* *fib* (onset): First In Bar (is this the first note in the current bar?)
* *crotchet* (onset): is this note on a crotchet pulse?
* *tactus* (onset): is this note on tactus pulse?
* *fiph* (phrase): is this note the first in a phrase?
* *liph* (phrase): is this note the last in a phrase?
h2. Threaded viewpoints
So called because they return the value of any viewpoint at locations defined by a test viewpoint (and are undefined wherever the test viewpoint is false)
* *thrbar* (cpitch onset): cpint % fib
* *thrfiph* (cpitch onset): cpint % fiph
* *thrliph* (cpitch onset): cpint % liph
* *thrqu* (cpitch onset): cpint % crotchet
* *thrtactus* (cpitch onset): cpint % tactus
* *thrintfrefliph* (cpitch onset): cpintfref % liph
h2. Linked viewpoints
Any viewpoints, basic or derived, may be linked into product type whose domain (or alphabet) is the Cartesian product of the domains of the component viewpoints. Pearce (2005) limited himself to a fixed collection of links between two component (basic or primitive derived) viewpoints.