Mercurial > hg > pitch-accuracy-and-interaction-in-unaccompanied-duet-singing
changeset 3:7d7f4043aa67
update first and second chapters
| author | Jiajie Dai <daijiajie1@gmail.com> |
|---|---|
| date | Tue, 13 Jun 2017 14:42:03 +0100 |
| parents | 01fc0e56b775 |
| children | 3e666d0329b5 |
| files | latex/data/filtered_pitchtracks/happy_birthday_pr_imagined_vamp_yintony_yintony_f0.csv latex/latex/intonation_paper.tex latex/latex/section_introduction.tex latex/latex/section_method.tex |
| diffstat | 4 files changed, 3008 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) [+] |
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--- a/latex/data/filtered_pitchtracks/happy_birthday_pr_imagined_vamp_yintony_yintony_f0.csv Tue Jun 06 00:22:34 2017 +0100 +++ b/latex/data/filtered_pitchtracks/happy_birthday_pr_imagined_vamp_yintony_yintony_f0.csv Tue Jun 13 14:42:03 2017 +0100 @@ -1,1 +1,2993 @@ -Internal Server Error \ No newline at end of file +0.046439909,61.4712 +0.127709750,86.9492 +0.220589569,82.0824 +0.232199546,85.0633 +0.267029478,126.467 +0.301859410,83.5633 +0.313469387,81.1619 +0.348299319,62.4678 +0.394739229,65.4313 +0.406349206,134.723 +0.417959183,84.6981 +0.429569160,235.941 +0.499229024,86.2931 +0.510839002,91.5268 +0.545668934,122.324 +0.557278911,63.8336 +0.568888888,62.5173 +0.580498866,85.357 +0.708208616,64.676 +0.754648526,83.517 +0.766258503,281.031 +0.777868480,276.733 +0.789478458,81.9033 +0.801088435,81.7984 +0.859138321,83.2556 +1.149387755,129.657 +1.160997732,83.5521 +1.172607709,84.3188 +1.230657596,84.9678 +1.242267573,61.7358 +1.300317460,84.8067 +1.311927437,82.9064 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--- a/latex/latex/intonation_paper.tex Tue Jun 06 00:22:34 2017 +0100 +++ b/latex/latex/intonation_paper.tex Tue Jun 13 14:42:03 2017 +0100 @@ -75,16 +75,18 @@ \begin{abstract} -The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing singing interaction by analysis of the pitch accuracy of unaccompanied duet singers. Although previous studies have found the relevance of audio feedback to singing accuracy, the interaction of a singer with a live partner still need further research. +The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing singing interaction by analysis of the pitch accuracy of unaccompanied duet singers. +%Although previous studies have found the relevance of audio feedback to singing accuracy, the interaction of a singer with a live partner still need further research. % -In this experiment, 7 pairs of singers sang two excerpts in four repetitions. For each trials, two participants sang unison or duet under 3 listening conditions according to able or unable to hear their partners. +In this experiment, 7 pairs of singers sang two excerpts either in unison or two-part harmony (duet). The experimental condition varied which singers could hear their partners. +%For each trial, the participants sang unison or duet under 3 listening conditions according to able or unable to hear their partners. % -After semi-automatic pitch-tracking and manual checking, we calculated the pitch error and interval error, modelled the factors of influence with a linear regression model and tested the factor of influence by one-way ANOVA. +After semi-automatic pitch-tracking and manual checking, we calculated the pitch error and interval error, modelled the factors of influence with a linear regression model and tested the factors of influence using a one-way ANOVA. % -The results indicates that 1) Singing with same vocal part is more accurate in pitch error than singing with different vocal part. -2) Sing solo has less pitch error but more interval error than sing with a partner. -3) In the listening condition that only one singer can hear her partner, pitch error of independent singers has a weak positive influence on pitch error of dependent singers. -4) Many factors influencing the pitch accuracy such as: score harmonic interval, vocal parts and so on. +The results indicate that 1) Singing with the same vocal part is more accurate than singing with a different vocal part. +2) Sing solo has less pitch error but more interval error than singing with a partner. +3) In the listening condition that only one singer can hear her partner, the pitch error of the dependent singer has a weak positive correlation with the pitch error of the independent singer. +4) Other factors influencing the pitch accuracy were: score pitch, score harmonic interval, score melodic interval, musical background, vocal parts and individual difference. %The results indicate that 1) Singing in unison has less mean absolute pitch error and mean absolute harmonic interval error than singing duet. 2) Solo singers make less pitch error than singers who can hear their partners. 3) In the listening condition that only one singer can hear her partner, pitch error of independent singers has a weak positive influence on pitch error of dependent singers. 4) Many factors influencing the pitch accuracy such as: nominal pitch, nominal harmonic interval, vocal parts and so on. \end{abstract}
--- a/latex/latex/section_introduction.tex Tue Jun 06 00:22:34 2017 +0100 +++ b/latex/latex/section_introduction.tex Tue Jun 13 14:42:03 2017 +0100 @@ -1,13 +1,15 @@ %!TEX root = intonation_paper.tex \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} -Singing is often cited as a characteristic form of human communication \citep{zatorre2012musical} and repertoire performed by multiple singers is probably the most widespread type of singing \citep{sundberg1990science}. \textit{Duet} is a vocal performance by two singers which is a basic form of singing involves interaction. For duet and other singing ensembles, the intonation which is most frequently quoted as rehearsal priorities \citep{ganschow2014secondary}. Therefore, the intonation of duet in various conditions is an essential subject to research. The main motivation for this study is to improve the scientific understanding of unaccompanied duet singing, especially the interaction between singers. We seek to explain pitch accuracy in complex situations and the mechanisms which may influence tuning. - -Vocal sound is one of the defining features of humanity \citep{welch2005singing}, it is common in all human societies \citep{brown1991human}, yet the factors that determine singing proficiency are still poorly understood. For an individual singer, singing is a complicated mechanism involves both perception and production. Factors related to production such as muscle strength and control can be improved by training and practice, while the perceptual factors involve many cognitive components with distinct brain substrates \citep{ stewart2006music}. Vocal perception and production are both necessary for singing, despite the link between vocal perception and production abilities, there is growing evidence supporting a dissociation between them \citep{hutchins2013linked}. %This study only focus on the interaction of the pitch production. +Vocal sound is one of the defining features of humanity \citep{welch2005singing}, it is often cited as a characteristic form of human communication \citep{zatorre2012musical}, yet the factors that determine singing proficiency are still poorly understood. Singing is common in all human societies \citep{brown1991human} and repertoire performed by multiple singers is probably the most widespread type of singing \citep{sundberg1990science}. The main motivation for this study is to improve the scientific understanding of unaccompanied duet singing, especially the interaction between singers. We seek to explain pitch accuracy in complex situations and the mechanisms which may influence tuning. To describe how a pitch is played or sing in tune is termed as \textit{intonation} \citep{kennedy2004concise, simpson1989oxford}. It is one of the most central parameters of singing accuracy and it is an extremely significant aspect of music because of its covers both melodic and harmonic information. The accuracy of intonation is determined by culturally specific tuning systems such as the equal tempered tuning system in Western music \citep{warren2015actual}. However, it is evident that 99.99\% of people cannot produce an accurate pitch without any reference \citep{takeuchi1993absolute}. It is meaningful to understand the interaction between a vocal reference pitch and an observed pitch in terms of intonation. -Instrument accompaniment and vocal reference pitch play important roles in tuning. Previous studies have investigated the intonation variance of the unaccompanied choir and how difficult for them to stay in tune \citep [e.g.] {Terasawa2004,howard_intonation_2007,Devaney2012}, the critical factors including their relative pitches, their memories and their muscles \citep{alldahl2008choral}. In the study of \cite{pfordresher2007poor}, the instrument accompaniments made the poor singers sang more accurate than they sang without the accompaniment. \cite{brandler2015comparison} had shown evidence that accompanied in solo sessions enhanced individual learning, and more importantly, a collaboration of ensembles had a detrimental effect. +For an individual singer, singing is a complicated mechanism involves both perception and production. Factors related to production such as muscle strength and control can be improved by training and practice, while the perceptual factors involve many cognitive components with distinct brain substrates \citep{ stewart2006music}. Vocal perception and production are both necessary for singing, despite the link between vocal perception and pr==oduction abilities, there is growing evidence supporting a dissociation between them \citep{hutchins2013linked}. %This study only focus on the interaction of the pitch production. + +\textit{Duet} is a vocal performance by two singers which is a basic form of singing involves interaction. For duet and other singing ensembles, the intonation which is most frequently quoted as rehearsal priorities \citep{ganschow2014secondary}. Therefore, the intonation of duet in various conditions is an essential subject to research. + +Instrument accompaniment and vocal reference pitch play important roles in intonation. Previous studies have investigated the intonation variance of the unaccompanied choir and how difficult for them to stay in tune \citep [e.g.] {Terasawa2004,howard_intonation_2007,Devaney2012}, the critical factors including their relative pitches, their memories and their muscles \citep{alldahl2008choral}. In the study of \cite{pfordresher2007poor}, the instrument accompaniments made the poor singers sang more accurate than they sang without the accompaniment. \cite{brandler2015comparison} had shown evidence that accompanied in solo sessions enhanced individual learning, and more importantly, a collaboration of ensembles had a detrimental effect. The interaction between vocal ensembles still needs further investigation. The response of imitating a single stimulus is influenced by various factors, such as main pitch, the shape of stimulus, whether singing with reference pitch simultaneously \citep{dai2016analysis}. \cite{geringer2015tune} demonstrated the perception of intonation accuracy was different between instruments and voice, which was a result of several additional variables, including characteristics of vibrato (type, rate, and width), timbre. There are more factors that need further investigation.
--- a/latex/latex/section_method.tex Tue Jun 06 00:22:34 2017 +0100 +++ b/latex/latex/section_method.tex Tue Jun 13 14:42:03 2017 +0100 @@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ 1) The purpose of this hypothesis is to test whether unison test condition has less pitch error. Previous evidence shows that memory performance was worse when musicians learned in a group than when they learned individually \citep{brandler2015comparison}. By testing this hypothesis, we can verify the factor of the test condition. 2) This hypothesis is to testing the pitch error under solo and duplex listening condition. Although singing with a partner may not increase pitch accuracy, it may give singers more confidence than singing solo \citep{heath1995interaction}. The feedback of the partners may mask the voice of singer themselves. Under such conditions, the pitch accuracy of this feedback may significantly affect by the listening condition \citep{murbe2002significance}. - - %\cite{brandler2015comparison} observed that participants learnt new pieces of music more successfully when in an individual learning environment than in a collaborative one. It is worth testing the factor of listening condition. 3) Similar to the previous hypothesis, this hypothesis is to testing the interval error under solo and duplex listening condition. Most of the singers are trained to keep in tune and sing as a group in their rehearsal \citep{bohrer2002intonational}. This hypothesis will test whether tune as a group is more primary than singing in tune as an individual. @@ -50,7 +48,6 @@ For the listening conditions, the first condition is the solo condition which means that two singers sing separately without hearing their partner. In the simplex conditions, only one singer can hear their partners, the $1^{st}$ singer hear the $2^{nd}$ singer in the second repetition and inverse in the third repetition. The last repetition is the duplex condition, both of them can hear the voice of their partner. Although factor of age and gender affect pitch accuracy \citep{welch1997age}, they are not a target of this research since it is very hard for male and female singers to sing the same pitch, this experiment only recruited female singers above 20 to 30 years old. - %For the duet test, two singers were labelled as the soprano (the $1^{st}$ singer) and the alto (the $2^{nd}$ singer) and they also sing two the vocal part four times in different listening conditions. Same as unison test, in the first repetition, the singers cannot hear each other which is solo condition. In the second and third repetition, only one of the singers can hear their partners' voice (\simplex condition). In the last repetition, both singers can hear each others during the performance (\duplex condition). \begin{figure} @@ -65,7 +62,6 @@ We chose two common choral songs ``Silent Night'' and ``O Sacred Head, Now Wounded'' as our experiment materials. These two pieces are examples of the traditional Western church choir repertoire with the former song being particularly well-known. The score ranges from A3 to D5 which corresponds with 220 Hz to 622 Hz. The pieces have a wide range of harmonic intervals (missing only the major $7^{th}$ from the intervals). The second song was shortened to its first 12 bars as shown in the Figure \ref{fig:piece} to keep the similar experiment time to the first piece. - \begin{figure} \begin{center} \subfloat[Piece 1]{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{../figures/piece1.pdf}\label{fig:piece1}}\\ @@ -75,7 +71,6 @@ \label{fig:piece} \end{figure} - \subsection{Participants} A total of 14 female UK residents took part in this experiment. The range of ages was from 19 to 30 years old (mean:23.57; median:24; std.dev.:3.18). All the participants are able to sing the range from A3 to E5 naturally and they were recorded in an acoustically isolated room.