annotate ext/serd/src/writer.c @ 226:c5cdc9e6a4bf

Add these external library files

/*
  Copyright 2011-2017 David Robillard <http://drobilla.net>

  Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
  purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
  copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
  WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
  MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
  ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
  WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
  ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
  OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/

#include "serd_internal.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define NS_RDF "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
#define NS_XSD "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"

typedef struct {
	SerdNode graph;
	SerdNode subject;
	SerdNode predicate;
} WriteContext;

static const WriteContext WRITE_CONTEXT_NULL = {
	{ 0, 0, 0, 0, SERD_NOTHING },
	{ 0, 0, 0, 0, SERD_NOTHING },
	{ 0, 0, 0, 0, SERD_NOTHING }
};

typedef enum {
	SEP_NONE,
	SEP_END_S,       ///< End of a subject ('.')
	SEP_END_P,       ///< End of a predicate (';')
	SEP_END_O,       ///< End of an object (',')
	SEP_S_P,         ///< Between a subject and predicate (whitespace)
	SEP_P_O,         ///< Between a predicate and object (whitespace)
	SEP_ANON_BEGIN,  ///< Start of anonymous node ('[')
	SEP_ANON_END,    ///< End of anonymous node (']')
	SEP_LIST_BEGIN,  ///< Start of list ('(')
	SEP_LIST_SEP,    ///< List separator (whitespace)
	SEP_LIST_END,    ///< End of list (')')
	SEP_GRAPH_BEGIN, ///< Start of graph ('{')
	SEP_GRAPH_END    ///< End of graph ('}')
} Sep;

typedef struct {
	const char* str;               ///< Sep string
	uint8_t     len;               ///< Length of sep string
	uint8_t     space_before;      ///< Newline before sep
	uint8_t     space_after_node;  ///< Newline after sep if after node
	uint8_t     space_after_sep;   ///< Newline after sep if after sep
} SepRule;

static const SepRule rules[] = {
	{ NULL,     0, 0, 0, 0 },
	{ " .\n\n", 4, 0, 0, 0 },
	{ " ;",     2, 0, 1, 1 },
	{ " ,",     2, 0, 1, 0 },
	{ NULL,     0, 0, 1, 0 },
	{ " ",      1, 0, 0, 0 },
	{ "[",      1, 0, 1, 1 },
	{ "]",      1, 1, 0, 0 },
	{ "(",      1, 0, 0, 0 },
	{ NULL,     1, 0, 1, 0 },
	{ ")",      1, 1, 0, 0 },
	{ " {",     2, 0, 1, 1 },
	{ " }",     2, 0, 1, 1 },
	{ "\n",     1, 0, 1, 0 }
};

struct SerdWriterImpl {
	SerdSyntax    syntax;
	SerdStyle     style;
	SerdEnv*      env;
	SerdNode      root_node;
	SerdURI       root_uri;
	SerdURI       base_uri;
	SerdStack     anon_stack;
	SerdByteSink  byte_sink;
	SerdErrorSink error_sink;
	void*         error_handle;
	WriteContext  context;
	SerdNode      list_subj;
	unsigned      list_depth;
	unsigned      indent;
	uint8_t*      bprefix;
	size_t        bprefix_len;
	Sep           last_sep;
	bool          empty;
};

typedef enum {
	WRITE_STRING,
	WRITE_LONG_STRING
} TextContext;

static bool
supports_abbrev(const SerdWriter* writer)
{
	return writer->syntax == SERD_TURTLE || writer->syntax == SERD_TRIG;
}

static void
w_err(SerdWriter* writer, SerdStatus st, const char* fmt, ...)
{
	/* TODO: This results in errors with no file information, which is not
	   helpful when re-serializing a file (particularly for "undefined
	   namespace prefix" errors.  The statement sink API needs to be changed to
	   add a Cursor parameter so the source can notify the writer of the
	   statement origin for better error reporting. */

	va_list args;
	va_start(args, fmt);
	const SerdError e = { st, NULL, 0, 0, fmt, &args };
	serd_error(writer->error_sink, writer->error_handle, &e);
	va_end(args);
}

static inline WriteContext*
anon_stack_top(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	assert(!serd_stack_is_empty(&writer->anon_stack));
	return (WriteContext*)(writer->anon_stack.buf
	                       + writer->anon_stack.size - sizeof(WriteContext));
}

static void
copy_node(SerdNode* dst, const SerdNode* src)
{
	if (src) {
		dst->buf = (uint8_t*)realloc((char*)dst->buf, src->n_bytes + 1);
		dst->n_bytes = src->n_bytes;
		dst->n_chars = src->n_chars;
		dst->flags   = src->flags;
		dst->type    = src->type;
		memcpy((char*)dst->buf, src->buf, src->n_bytes + 1);
	} else {
		dst->type = SERD_NOTHING;
	}
}

static inline size_t
sink(const void* buf, size_t len, SerdWriter* writer)
{
	return serd_byte_sink_write(buf, len, &writer->byte_sink);
}

// Parse a UTF-8 character, set *size to the length, and return the code point
static inline uint32_t
parse_utf8_char(SerdWriter* writer, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t* size)
{
	uint32_t c = 0;
	if ((utf8[0] & 0x80) == 0) {  // Starts with `0'
		*size = 1;
		c     = utf8[0];
	} else if ((utf8[0] & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {  // Starts with `110'
		*size = 2;
		c     = utf8[0] & 0x1F;
	} else if ((utf8[0] & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {  // Starts with `1110'
		*size = 3;
		c     = utf8[0] & 0x0F;
	} else if ((utf8[0] & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {  // Starts with `11110'
		*size = 4;
		c     = utf8[0] & 0x07;
	} else {
		w_err(writer, SERD_ERR_BAD_ARG, "invalid UTF-8: %X\n", utf8[0]);
		*size = 0;
		return 0;
	}

	size_t  i  = 0;
	uint8_t in = utf8[i++];

#define READ_BYTE() \
	in = utf8[i++] & 0x3F; \
	c  = (c << 6) | in;

	switch (*size) {
	case 4: READ_BYTE();
	case 3: READ_BYTE();
	case 2: READ_BYTE();
	}

	return c;
}

// Write a single character, as an escape for single byte characters
// (Caller prints any single byte characters that don't need escaping)
static size_t
write_character(SerdWriter* writer, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t* size)
{
	const uint8_t replacement_char[] = { 0xEF, 0xBF, 0xBD };
	char          escape[11]         = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
	const uint8_t in                 = utf8[0];

	uint32_t c = parse_utf8_char(writer, utf8, size);
	switch (*size) {
	case 0:
		w_err(writer, SERD_ERR_BAD_ARG, "invalid UTF-8: %X\n", in);
		return sink(replacement_char, sizeof(replacement_char), writer);
	case 1:
		snprintf(escape, sizeof(escape), "\\u%04X", in);
		return sink(escape, 6, writer);
	default:
		break;
	}

	if (!(writer->style & SERD_STYLE_ASCII)) {
		// Write UTF-8 character directly to UTF-8 output
		return sink(utf8, *size, writer);
	}

	if (c <= 0xFFFF) {
		snprintf(escape, sizeof(escape), "\\u%04X", c);
		return sink(escape, 6, writer);
	} else {
		snprintf(escape, sizeof(escape), "\\U%08X", c);
		return sink(escape, 10, writer);
	}
}

static inline bool
uri_must_escape(const uint8_t c)
{
	switch (c) {
	case ' ': case '"': case '<': case '>': case '\\':
	case '^': case '`': case '{': case '|': case '}':
		return true;
	default:
		return !in_range(c, 0x20, 0x7E);
	}
}

static size_t
write_uri(SerdWriter* writer, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t n_bytes)
{
	size_t len = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n_bytes;) {
		size_t j = i;  // Index of next character that must be escaped
		for (; j < n_bytes; ++j) {
			if (uri_must_escape(utf8[j])) {
				break;
			}
		}

		// Bulk write all characters up to this special one
		len += sink(&utf8[i], j - i, writer);
		if ((i = j) == n_bytes) {
			break;  // Reached end
		}

		// Write UTF-8 character
		size_t size = 0;
		len += write_character(writer, utf8 + i, &size);
		i   += size;
	}
	return len;
}

static bool
lname_must_escape(const uint8_t c)
{
	/* This arbitrary list of characters, most of which have nothing to do with
	   Turtle, must be handled as special cases here because the RDF and SPARQL
	   WGs are apparently intent on making the once elegant Turtle a baroque
	   and inconsistent mess, throwing elegance and extensibility completely
	   out the window for no good reason.

	   Note '-', '.', and '_' are also in PN_LOCAL_ESC, but are valid unescaped
	   in local names, so they are not escaped here. */

	switch (c) {
	case '\'': case '!': case '#': case '$': case '%': case '&':
	case '(': case ')': case '*': case '+': case ',': case '/':
	case ';': case '=': case '?': case '@': case '~':
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

static size_t
write_lname(SerdWriter* writer, const uint8_t* utf8, size_t n_bytes)
{
	size_t len = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n_bytes; ++i) {
		size_t j = i;  // Index of next character that must be escaped
		for (; j < n_bytes; ++j) {
			if (lname_must_escape(utf8[j])) {
				break;
			}
		}

		// Bulk write all characters up to this special one
		len += sink(&utf8[i], j - i, writer);
		if ((i = j) == n_bytes) {
			break;  // Reached end
		}

		// Write escape
		len += sink("\\", 1, writer);
		len += sink(&utf8[i], 1, writer);
	}
	return len;
}

static size_t
write_text(SerdWriter* writer, TextContext ctx,
           const uint8_t* utf8, size_t n_bytes)
{
	size_t len = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n_bytes;) {
		// Fast bulk write for long strings of printable ASCII
		size_t j = i;
		for (; j < n_bytes; ++j) {
			if (utf8[j] == '\\' || utf8[j] == '"'
			    || (!in_range(utf8[j], 0x20, 0x7E))) {
				break;
			}
		}

		len += sink(&utf8[i], j - i, writer);
		if ((i = j) == n_bytes) {
			break;  // Reached end
		}

		uint8_t in = utf8[i++];
		if (ctx == WRITE_LONG_STRING) {
			switch (in) {
			case '\\': len += sink("\\\\", 2, writer); continue;
			case '\b': len += sink("\\b", 2, writer);  continue;
			case '\n': case '\r': case '\t': case '\f':
				len += sink(&in, 1, writer);  // Write character as-is
				continue;
			case '\"':
				if (i == n_bytes) {  // '"' at string end
					len += sink("\\\"", 2, writer);
				} else {
					len += sink(&in, 1, writer);
				}
				continue;
			default: break;
			}
		} else if (ctx == WRITE_STRING) {
			switch (in) {
			case '\\': len += sink("\\\\", 2, writer); continue;
			case '\n': len += sink("\\n", 2, writer);  continue;
			case '\r': len += sink("\\r", 2, writer);  continue;
			case '\t': len += sink("\\t", 2, writer);  continue;
			case '"':  len += sink("\\\"", 2, writer); continue;
			default: break;
			}
			if (writer->syntax == SERD_TURTLE) {
				switch (in) {
				case '\b': len += sink("\\b", 2, writer); continue;
				case '\f': len += sink("\\f", 2, writer); continue;
				}
			}
		}

		size_t size = 0;
		len += write_character(writer, utf8 + i - 1, &size);

		if (size == 0) {
			return len;
		}

		i += size - 1;
	}
	return len;
}

static size_t
uri_sink(const void* buf, size_t len, void* stream)
{
	return write_uri((SerdWriter*)stream, (const uint8_t*)buf, len);
}

static void
write_newline(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	sink("\n", 1, writer);
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < writer->indent; ++i) {
		sink("\t", 1, writer);
	}
}

static void
write_sep(SerdWriter* writer, const Sep sep)
{
	const SepRule* rule = &rules[sep];
	if (rule->space_before) {
		write_newline(writer);
	}
	if (rule->str) {
		sink(rule->str, rule->len, writer);
	}
	if (    (writer->last_sep && rule->space_after_sep)
	    || (!writer->last_sep && rule->space_after_node)) {
		write_newline(writer);
	} else if (writer->last_sep && rule->space_after_node) {
		sink(" ", 1, writer);
	}
	writer->last_sep = sep;
}

static SerdStatus
reset_context(SerdWriter* writer, bool graph)
{
	if (graph) {
		writer->context.graph.type = SERD_NOTHING;
	}
	writer->context.subject.type   = SERD_NOTHING;
	writer->context.predicate.type = SERD_NOTHING;
	writer->empty                  = false;
	return SERD_SUCCESS;
}

static SerdStatus
free_context(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	serd_node_free(&writer->context.graph);
	serd_node_free(&writer->context.subject);
	serd_node_free(&writer->context.predicate);
	return reset_context(writer, true);
}

typedef enum {
	FIELD_NONE,
	FIELD_SUBJECT,
	FIELD_PREDICATE,
	FIELD_OBJECT,
	FIELD_GRAPH
} Field;

static bool
is_inline_start(const SerdWriter* writer, Field field, SerdStatementFlags flags)
{
	return (supports_abbrev(writer) &&
	        ((field == FIELD_SUBJECT && (flags & SERD_ANON_S_BEGIN)) ||
	         (field == FIELD_OBJECT &&  (flags & SERD_ANON_O_BEGIN))));
}

static bool
write_node(SerdWriter*        writer,
           const SerdNode*    node,
           const SerdNode*    datatype,
           const SerdNode*    lang,
           Field              field,
           SerdStatementFlags flags)
{
	SerdChunk uri_prefix;
	SerdNode  prefix;
	SerdChunk suffix;
	bool      has_scheme;
	switch (node->type) {
	case SERD_BLANK:
		if (is_inline_start(writer, field, flags)) {
			++writer->indent;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_ANON_BEGIN);
		} else if (supports_abbrev(writer)
		           && (field == FIELD_SUBJECT && (flags & SERD_LIST_S_BEGIN))) {
			assert(writer->list_depth == 0);
			copy_node(&writer->list_subj, node);
			++writer->list_depth;
			++writer->indent;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_LIST_BEGIN);
		} else if (supports_abbrev(writer)
		           && (field == FIELD_OBJECT && (flags & SERD_LIST_O_BEGIN))) {
			++writer->indent;
			++writer->list_depth;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_LIST_BEGIN);
		} else if (supports_abbrev(writer)
		           && ((field == FIELD_SUBJECT && (flags & SERD_EMPTY_S))
		               || (field == FIELD_OBJECT && (flags & SERD_EMPTY_O)))) {
			sink("[]", 2, writer);
		} else {
			sink("_:", 2, writer);
			if (writer->bprefix && !strncmp((const char*)node->buf,
			                                (const char*)writer->bprefix,
			                                writer->bprefix_len)) {
				sink(node->buf + writer->bprefix_len,
				     node->n_bytes - writer->bprefix_len,
				     writer);
			} else {
				sink(node->buf, node->n_bytes, writer);
			}
		}
		break;
	case SERD_CURIE:
		switch (writer->syntax) {
		case SERD_NTRIPLES:
		case SERD_NQUADS:
			if (serd_env_expand(writer->env, node, &uri_prefix, &suffix)) {
				w_err(writer, SERD_ERR_BAD_CURIE,
				      "undefined namespace prefix `%s'\n", node->buf);
				return false;
			}
			sink("<", 1, writer);
			write_uri(writer, uri_prefix.buf, uri_prefix.len);
			write_uri(writer, suffix.buf, suffix.len);
			sink(">", 1, writer);
			break;
		case SERD_TURTLE:
		case SERD_TRIG:
			if (is_inline_start(writer, field, flags)) {
				++writer->indent;
				write_sep(writer, SEP_ANON_BEGIN);
				sink("== ", 3, writer);
			}
			write_lname(writer, node->buf, node->n_bytes);
			if (is_inline_start(writer, field, flags)) {
				sink(" ;", 2, writer);
				write_newline(writer);
			}
		}
		break;
	case SERD_LITERAL:
		if (supports_abbrev(writer) && datatype && datatype->buf) {
			const char* type_uri = (const char*)datatype->buf;
			if (!strncmp(type_uri, NS_XSD, sizeof(NS_XSD) - 1) && (
				    !strcmp(type_uri + sizeof(NS_XSD) - 1, "boolean") ||
				    !strcmp(type_uri + sizeof(NS_XSD) - 1, "integer"))) {
				sink(node->buf, node->n_bytes, writer);
				break;
			} else if (!strncmp(type_uri, NS_XSD, sizeof(NS_XSD) - 1) &&
			           !strcmp(type_uri + sizeof(NS_XSD) - 1, "decimal") &&
			           strchr((const char*)node->buf, '.') &&
			           node->buf[node->n_bytes - 1] != '.') {
				/* xsd:decimal literals without trailing digits, e.g. "5.", can
				   not be written bare in Turtle.  We could add a 0 which is
				   prettier, but changes the text and breaks round tripping.
				*/
				sink(node->buf, node->n_bytes, writer);
				break;
			}
		}
		if (supports_abbrev(writer)
		    && (node->flags & (SERD_HAS_NEWLINE|SERD_HAS_QUOTE))) {
			sink("\"\"\"", 3, writer);
			write_text(writer, WRITE_LONG_STRING, node->buf, node->n_bytes);
			sink("\"\"\"", 3, writer);
		} else {
			sink("\"", 1, writer);
			write_text(writer, WRITE_STRING, node->buf, node->n_bytes);
			sink("\"", 1, writer);
		}
		if (lang && lang->buf) {
			sink("@", 1, writer);
			sink(lang->buf, lang->n_bytes, writer);
		} else if (datatype && datatype->buf) {
			sink("^^", 2, writer);
			write_node(writer, datatype, NULL, NULL, FIELD_NONE, flags);
		}
		break;
	case SERD_URI:
		if (is_inline_start(writer, field, flags)) {
			++writer->indent;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_ANON_BEGIN);
			sink("== ", 3, writer);
		}
		has_scheme = serd_uri_string_has_scheme(node->buf);
		if (field == FIELD_PREDICATE && supports_abbrev(writer)
		    && !strcmp((const char*)node->buf, NS_RDF "type")) {
			sink("a", 1, writer);
			break;
		} else if (supports_abbrev(writer)
		           && !strcmp((const char*)node->buf, NS_RDF "nil")) {
			sink("()", 2, writer);
			break;
		} else if (has_scheme && (writer->style & SERD_STYLE_CURIED) &&
		           serd_env_qualify(writer->env, node, &prefix, &suffix)) {
			write_uri(writer, prefix.buf, prefix.n_bytes);
			sink(":", 1, writer);
			write_uri(writer, suffix.buf, suffix.len);
			break;
		}
		sink("<", 1, writer);
		if (writer->style & SERD_STYLE_RESOLVED) {
			SerdURI in_base_uri, uri, abs_uri;
			serd_env_get_base_uri(writer->env, &in_base_uri);
			serd_uri_parse(node->buf, &uri);
			serd_uri_resolve(&uri, &in_base_uri, &abs_uri);
			bool rooted = uri_is_under(&writer->base_uri, &writer->root_uri);
			SerdURI* root = rooted ? &writer->root_uri : & writer->base_uri;
			if (!uri_is_under(&abs_uri, root) ||
			    writer->syntax == SERD_NTRIPLES ||
			    writer->syntax == SERD_NQUADS) {
				serd_uri_serialise(&abs_uri, uri_sink, writer);
			} else {
				serd_uri_serialise_relative(
					&uri, &writer->base_uri, root, uri_sink, writer);
			}
		} else {
			write_uri(writer, node->buf, node->n_bytes);
		}
		sink(">", 1, writer);
		if (is_inline_start(writer, field, flags)) {
			sink(" ;", 2, writer);
			write_newline(writer);
		}
	default:
		break;
	}
	writer->last_sep = SEP_NONE;
	return true;
}

static inline bool
is_resource(const SerdNode* node)
{
	return node->type > SERD_LITERAL;
}

static void
write_pred(SerdWriter* writer, SerdStatementFlags flags, const SerdNode* pred)
{
	write_node(writer, pred, NULL, NULL, FIELD_PREDICATE, flags);
	write_sep(writer, SEP_P_O);
	copy_node(&writer->context.predicate, pred);
}

static bool
write_list_obj(SerdWriter*        writer,
               SerdStatementFlags flags,
               const SerdNode*    predicate,
               const SerdNode*    object,
               const SerdNode*    datatype,
               const SerdNode*    lang)
{
	if (!strcmp((const char*)object->buf, NS_RDF "nil")) {
		--writer->indent;
		write_sep(writer, SEP_LIST_END);
		return true;
	} else if (!strcmp((const char*)predicate->buf, NS_RDF "first")) {
		write_sep(writer, SEP_LIST_SEP);
		write_node(writer, object, datatype, lang, FIELD_OBJECT, flags);
	}
	return false;
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_write_statement(SerdWriter*        writer,
                            SerdStatementFlags flags,
                            const SerdNode*    graph,
                            const SerdNode*    subject,
                            const SerdNode*    predicate,
                            const SerdNode*    object,
                            const SerdNode*    datatype,
                            const SerdNode*    lang)
{
	if (!subject || !predicate || !object
	    || !subject->buf || !predicate->buf || !object->buf
	    || !is_resource(subject) || !is_resource(predicate)) {
		return SERD_ERR_BAD_ARG;
	}

#define TRY(write_result) \
	if (!write_result) { \
		return SERD_ERR_UNKNOWN; \
	}

	switch (writer->syntax) {
	case SERD_NTRIPLES:
	case SERD_NQUADS:
		TRY(write_node(writer, subject, NULL, NULL, FIELD_SUBJECT, flags));
		sink(" ", 1, writer);
		TRY(write_node(writer, predicate, NULL, NULL, FIELD_PREDICATE, flags));
		sink(" ", 1, writer);
		TRY(write_node(writer, object, datatype, lang, FIELD_OBJECT, flags));
		if (writer->syntax == SERD_NQUADS && graph) {
			sink(" ", 1, writer);
			TRY(write_node(writer, graph, datatype, lang, FIELD_GRAPH, flags));
		}
		sink(" .\n", 3, writer);
		return SERD_SUCCESS;
	default:
		break;
	}

	if ((graph && !serd_node_equals(graph, &writer->context.graph)) ||
	    (!graph && writer->context.graph.type)) {
		writer->indent = 0;
		if (writer->context.subject.type) {
			write_sep(writer, SEP_END_S);
		}
		if (writer->context.graph.type) {
			write_sep(writer, SEP_GRAPH_END);
		}

		reset_context(writer, true);
		if (graph) {
			TRY(write_node(writer, graph, datatype, lang, FIELD_GRAPH, flags));
			++writer->indent;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_GRAPH_BEGIN);
			copy_node(&writer->context.graph, graph);
		}
	}

	if ((flags & SERD_LIST_CONT)) {
		if (write_list_obj(writer, flags, predicate, object, datatype, lang)) {
			// Reached end of list
			if (--writer->list_depth == 0 && writer->list_subj.type) {
				reset_context(writer, false);
				serd_node_free(&writer->context.subject);
				writer->context.subject = writer->list_subj;
				writer->list_subj       = SERD_NODE_NULL;
			}
			return SERD_SUCCESS;
		}
	} else if (serd_node_equals(subject, &writer->context.subject)) {
		if (serd_node_equals(predicate, &writer->context.predicate)) {
			// Abbreviate S P
			if (!(flags & SERD_ANON_O_BEGIN)) {
				++writer->indent;
			}
			write_sep(writer, SEP_END_O);
			write_node(writer, object, datatype, lang, FIELD_OBJECT, flags);
			if (!(flags & SERD_ANON_O_BEGIN)) {
				--writer->indent;
			}
		} else {
			// Abbreviate S
			Sep sep = writer->context.predicate.type ? SEP_END_P : SEP_S_P;
			write_sep(writer, sep);
			write_pred(writer, flags, predicate);
			write_node(writer, object, datatype, lang, FIELD_OBJECT, flags);
		}
	} else {
		// No abbreviation
		if (writer->context.subject.type) {
			assert(writer->indent > 0);
			--writer->indent;
			if (serd_stack_is_empty(&writer->anon_stack)) {
				write_sep(writer, SEP_END_S);
			}
		} else if (!writer->empty) {
			write_sep(writer, SEP_S_P);
		}

		if (!(flags & SERD_ANON_CONT)) {
			write_node(writer, subject, NULL, NULL, FIELD_SUBJECT, flags);
			++writer->indent;
			write_sep(writer, SEP_S_P);
		} else {
			++writer->indent;
		}

		reset_context(writer, false);
		copy_node(&writer->context.subject, subject);

		if (!(flags & SERD_LIST_S_BEGIN)) {
			write_pred(writer, flags, predicate);
		}

		write_node(writer, object, datatype, lang, FIELD_OBJECT, flags);
	}

	if (flags & (SERD_ANON_S_BEGIN|SERD_ANON_O_BEGIN)) {
		WriteContext* ctx = (WriteContext*)serd_stack_push(
			&writer->anon_stack, sizeof(WriteContext));
		*ctx = writer->context;
		WriteContext new_context = {
			serd_node_copy(graph), serd_node_copy(subject), SERD_NODE_NULL };
		if ((flags & SERD_ANON_S_BEGIN)) {
			new_context.predicate = serd_node_copy(predicate);
		}
		writer->context = new_context;
	} else {
		copy_node(&writer->context.graph, graph);
		copy_node(&writer->context.subject, subject);
		copy_node(&writer->context.predicate, predicate);
	}

	return SERD_SUCCESS;
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_end_anon(SerdWriter*     writer,
                     const SerdNode* node)
{
	if (writer->syntax == SERD_NTRIPLES || writer->syntax == SERD_NQUADS) {
		return SERD_SUCCESS;
	}
	if (serd_stack_is_empty(&writer->anon_stack) || writer->indent == 0) {
		w_err(writer, SERD_ERR_UNKNOWN,
		      "unexpected end of anonymous node\n");
		return SERD_ERR_UNKNOWN;
	}
	--writer->indent;
	write_sep(writer, SEP_ANON_END);
	free_context(writer);
	writer->context = *anon_stack_top(writer);
	serd_stack_pop(&writer->anon_stack, sizeof(WriteContext));
	const bool is_subject = serd_node_equals(node, &writer->context.subject);
	if (is_subject) {
		copy_node(&writer->context.subject, node);
		writer->context.predicate.type = SERD_NOTHING;
	}
	return SERD_SUCCESS;
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_finish(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	if (writer->context.subject.type) {
		sink(" .\n", 3, writer);
	}
	if (writer->context.graph.type) {
		sink("}\n", 2, writer);
	}
	serd_byte_sink_flush(&writer->byte_sink);
	writer->indent = 0;
	return free_context(writer);
}

SERD_API
SerdWriter*
serd_writer_new(SerdSyntax     syntax,
                SerdStyle      style,
                SerdEnv*       env,
                const SerdURI* base_uri,
                SerdSink       ssink,
                void*          stream)
{
	const WriteContext context = WRITE_CONTEXT_NULL;
	SerdWriter*        writer  = (SerdWriter*)calloc(1, sizeof(SerdWriter));
	writer->syntax       = syntax;
	writer->style        = style;
	writer->env          = env;
	writer->root_node    = SERD_NODE_NULL;
	writer->root_uri     = SERD_URI_NULL;
	writer->base_uri     = base_uri ? *base_uri : SERD_URI_NULL;
	writer->anon_stack   = serd_stack_new(sizeof(WriteContext));
	writer->context      = context;
	writer->list_subj    = SERD_NODE_NULL;
	writer->empty        = true;
	writer->byte_sink    = serd_byte_sink_new(
		ssink, stream, (style & SERD_STYLE_BULK) ? SERD_PAGE_SIZE : 1);
	return writer;
}

SERD_API
void
serd_writer_set_error_sink(SerdWriter*   writer,
                           SerdErrorSink error_sink,
                           void*         error_handle)
{
	writer->error_sink   = error_sink;
	writer->error_handle = error_handle;
}

SERD_API
void
serd_writer_chop_blank_prefix(SerdWriter*    writer,
                              const uint8_t* prefix)
{
	free(writer->bprefix);
	writer->bprefix_len = 0;
	writer->bprefix     = NULL;
	if (prefix) {
		writer->bprefix_len = strlen((const char*)prefix);
		writer->bprefix     = (uint8_t*)malloc(writer->bprefix_len + 1);
		memcpy(writer->bprefix, prefix, writer->bprefix_len + 1);
	}
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_set_base_uri(SerdWriter*     writer,
                         const SerdNode* uri)
{
	if (!serd_env_set_base_uri(writer->env, uri)) {
		serd_env_get_base_uri(writer->env, &writer->base_uri);

		if (writer->syntax == SERD_TURTLE || writer->syntax == SERD_TRIG) {
			if (writer->context.graph.type || writer->context.subject.type) {
				sink(" .\n\n", 4, writer);
				reset_context(writer, true);
			}
			sink("@base <", 7, writer);
			sink(uri->buf, uri->n_bytes, writer);
			sink("> .\n", 4, writer);
		}
		writer->indent = 0;
		return reset_context(writer, true);
	}
	return SERD_ERR_UNKNOWN;
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_set_root_uri(SerdWriter*     writer,
                         const SerdNode* uri)
{
	serd_node_free(&writer->root_node);
	if (uri && uri->buf) {
		writer->root_node = serd_node_copy(uri);
		serd_uri_parse(uri->buf, &writer->root_uri);
	} else {
		writer->root_node = SERD_NODE_NULL;
		writer->root_uri  = SERD_URI_NULL;
	}
	return SERD_SUCCESS;
}

SERD_API
SerdStatus
serd_writer_set_prefix(SerdWriter*     writer,
                       const SerdNode* name,
                       const SerdNode* uri)
{
	if (!serd_env_set_prefix(writer->env, name, uri)) {
		if (writer->syntax == SERD_TURTLE || writer->syntax == SERD_TRIG) {
			if (writer->context.graph.type || writer->context.subject.type) {
				sink(" .\n\n", 4, writer);
				reset_context(writer, true);
			}
			sink("@prefix ", 8, writer);
			sink(name->buf, name->n_bytes, writer);
			sink(": <", 3, writer);
			write_uri(writer, uri->buf, uri->n_bytes);
			sink("> .\n", 4, writer);
		}
		writer->indent = 0;
		return reset_context(writer, true);
	}
	return SERD_ERR_UNKNOWN;
}

SERD_API
void
serd_writer_free(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	serd_writer_finish(writer);
	serd_stack_free(&writer->anon_stack);
	free(writer->bprefix);
	serd_byte_sink_free(&writer->byte_sink);
	serd_node_free(&writer->root_node);
	free(writer);
}

SERD_API
SerdEnv*
serd_writer_get_env(SerdWriter* writer)
{
	return writer->env;
}

SERD_API
size_t
serd_file_sink(const void* buf, size_t len, void* stream)
{
	return fwrite(buf, 1, len, (FILE*)stream);
}

SERD_API
size_t
serd_chunk_sink(const void* buf, size_t len, void* stream)
{
	SerdChunk* chunk = (SerdChunk*)stream;
	chunk->buf = (uint8_t*)realloc((uint8_t*)chunk->buf, chunk->len + len);
	memcpy((uint8_t*)chunk->buf + chunk->len, buf, len);
	chunk->len += len;
	return len;
}

SERD_API
uint8_t*
serd_chunk_sink_finish(SerdChunk* stream)
{
	serd_chunk_sink("", 1, stream);
	return (uint8_t*)stream->buf;
}