diff DEPENDENCIES/generic/include/boost/multiprecision/number.hpp @ 16:2665513ce2d3

Add boost headers

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/DEPENDENCIES/generic/include/boost/multiprecision/number.hpp	Tue Aug 05 11:11:38 2014 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright 2011 John Maddock. Distributed under the Boost
+//  Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
+//  LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MATH_EXTENDED_REAL_HPP
+#define BOOST_MATH_EXTENDED_REAL_HPP
+
+#include <boost/cstdint.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/max.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/plus.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/or.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/find_if.hpp>
+#include <boost/assert.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/remove_pointer.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_signed.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_unsigned.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_floating_point.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_integral.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/make_unsigned.hpp>
+#include <boost/throw_exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/generic_interconvert.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/number_compare.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/traits/is_restricted_conversion.hpp>
+#include <istream>  // stream operators
+#include <cstdio>   // EOF
+
+namespace boost{ namespace multiprecision{
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+// warning C4127: conditional expression is constant
+// warning C4714: function marked as __forceinline not inlined
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable:4127 4714)
+#endif
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+class number
+{
+   typedef number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> self_type;
+public:
+   typedef Backend backend_type;
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number() BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend())) {}
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(const number& e) BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend(static_cast<const Backend&>(std::declval<Backend>())))) : m_backend(e.m_backend){}
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(const V& v, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+            (boost::is_arithmetic<V>::value || is_same<std::string, V>::value || is_convertible<V, const char*>::value)
+            && !is_convertible<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+            && !detail::is_restricted_conversion<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+         >::type* = 0)
+   {
+      m_backend = canonical_value(v);
+   }
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(const V& v, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+            is_convertible<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+            && !detail::is_restricted_conversion<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+         >::type* = 0)
+      : m_backend(canonical_value(v)) {}
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(const number& e, unsigned digits10)
+      : m_backend(e.m_backend, digits10){}
+   template <class V>
+   explicit BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(const V& v, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+            (boost::is_arithmetic<V>::value || is_same<std::string, V>::value || is_convertible<V, const char*>::value)
+            && !detail::is_explicitly_convertible<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+            && detail::is_restricted_conversion<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+         >::type* = 0)
+   {
+      m_backend = canonical_value(v);
+   }
+   template <class V>
+   explicit BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(const V& v, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+            detail::is_explicitly_convertible<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+            && (detail::is_restricted_conversion<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value
+                || !is_convertible<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, Backend>::value)
+         >::type* = 0)
+      : m_backend(canonical_value(v)) {}
+   /*
+   //
+   // This conflicts with component based initialization (for rational and complex types)
+   // which is arguably more useful.  Disabled for now.
+   //
+   template <class V>
+   number(V v, unsigned digits10, typename boost::enable_if<mpl::or_<boost::is_arithmetic<V>, is_same<std::string, V>, is_convertible<V, const char*> > >::type* dummy1 = 0)
+   {
+      m_backend.precision(digits10);
+      m_backend = canonical_value(v);
+   }
+   */
+   template<expression_template_option ET>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(const number<Backend, ET>& val)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend(static_cast<const Backend&>(std::declval<Backend>())))) : m_backend(val.backend()) {}
+
+   template <class Other, expression_template_option ET>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(const number<Other, ET>& val,
+         typename boost::enable_if_c<(boost::is_convertible<Other, Backend>::value && !detail::is_restricted_conversion<Other, Backend>::value)>::type* = 0)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend(static_cast<const Other&>(std::declval<Other>()))))
+      : m_backend(val.backend()) {}
+
+   template <class Other, expression_template_option ET>
+   explicit number(const number<Other, ET>& val, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+         (!detail::is_explicitly_convertible<Other, Backend>::value)
+         >::type* = 0)
+   {
+      //
+      // Attempt a generic interconvertion:
+      //
+      detail::generic_interconvert(backend(), val.backend(), number_category<Backend>(), number_category<Other>());
+   }
+   template <class Other, expression_template_option ET>
+   explicit BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(const number<Other, ET>& val, typename boost::enable_if_c<
+         (detail::is_explicitly_convertible<Other, Backend>::value
+            && (detail::is_restricted_conversion<Other, Backend>::value || !boost::is_convertible<Other, Backend>::value))
+         >::type* = 0) BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend(static_cast<const Other&>(std::declval<Other>()))))
+      : m_backend(val.backend()) {}
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(V v1, V v2, typename boost::enable_if<mpl::or_<boost::is_arithmetic<V>, is_same<std::string, V>, is_convertible<V, const char*> > >::type* = 0)
+   {
+      using default_ops::assign_components;
+      assign_components(m_backend, canonical_value(v1), canonical_value(v2));
+   }
+   template <class Other, expression_template_option ET>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number(const number<Other, ET>& v1, const number<Other, ET>& v2, typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<Other, Backend> >::type* = 0)
+   {
+      using default_ops::assign_components;
+      assign_components(m_backend, v1.backend(), v2.backend());
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   typename boost::enable_if<is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type, self_type>, number&>::type operator=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      typedef typename is_same<number, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::type tag_type;
+      do_assign(e, tag_type());
+      return *this;
+   }
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& assign(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      typedef typename is_same<number, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type>::type tag_type;
+      do_assign(e, tag_type());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator=(const number& e)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<Backend>() = static_cast<const Backend&>(std::declval<Backend>())))
+   {
+      m_backend = e.m_backend;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator=(const V& v)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<Backend>() = static_cast<typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type const&>(std::declval<typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type>())))
+   {
+      m_backend = canonical_value(v);
+      return *this;
+   }
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& assign(const V& v)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<Backend>() = static_cast<typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type const&>(std::declval<typename boost::multiprecision::detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type>())))
+   {
+      m_backend = canonical_value(v);
+      return *this;
+   }
+   template <class Other, expression_template_option ET>
+   typename boost::disable_if<boost::multiprecision::detail::is_explicitly_convertible<Other, Backend>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      assign(const number<Other, ET>& v)
+   {
+      //
+      // Attempt a generic interconvertion:
+      //
+      detail::generic_interconvert(backend(), v.backend(), number_category<Backend>(), number_category<Other>());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e, typename boost::enable_if_c<is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type, self_type>::value>::type* = 0)
+   {
+      *this = e;
+   }
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   explicit number(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e,
+      typename boost::enable_if_c<!is_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type, self_type>::value
+      && boost::multiprecision::detail::is_explicitly_convertible<typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type, self_type>::value>::type* = 0)
+   {
+      assign(e);
+   }
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR number(number&& r)
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(Backend(std::declval<Backend>())))
+      : m_backend(static_cast<Backend&&>(r.m_backend)){}
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator=(number&& r) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      m_backend = static_cast<Backend&&>(r.m_backend);
+      return *this;
+   }
+#endif
+
+   number& operator+=(const self_type& val)
+   {
+      do_add(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(val), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator+=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      // Create a copy if e contains this, but not if we're just doing a
+      //    x += x
+      if(contains_self(e) && !is_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_add(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_add(e, tag());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator+=(const detail::expression<detail::multiply_immediates, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      //
+      // Fused multiply-add:
+      //
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply_add;
+      eval_multiply_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left_ref()), canonical_value(e.right_ref()));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator+=(const V& v)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   number& operator-=(const self_type& val)
+   {
+      do_subtract(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(val), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator-=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      // Create a copy if e contains this:
+      if(contains_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_subtract(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_subtract(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator-=(const V& v)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator-=(const detail::expression<detail::multiply_immediates, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      //
+      // Fused multiply-subtract:
+      //
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply_subtract;
+      eval_multiply_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left_ref()), canonical_value(e.right_ref()));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+
+   number& operator *= (const self_type& e)
+   {
+      do_multiplies(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator*=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      // Create a temporary if the RHS references *this, but not
+      // if we're just doing an   x *= x;
+      if(contains_self(e) && !is_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_multiplies(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_multiplies(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator*=(const V& v)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   number& operator%=(const self_type& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      do_modulus(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator%=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      // Create a temporary if the RHS references *this:
+      if(contains_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_modulus(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_modulus(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+   template <class V>
+   typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator%=(const V& v)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_modulus;
+      eval_modulus(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   //
+   // These operators are *not* proto-ized.
+   // The issue is that the increment/decrement must happen
+   // even if the result of the operator *is never used*.
+   // Possibly we could modify our expression wrapper to
+   // execute the increment/decrement on destruction, but
+   // correct implementation will be tricky, so defered for now...
+   //
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator++()
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_increment;
+      eval_increment(m_backend);
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator--()
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_decrement;
+      eval_decrement(m_backend);
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   inline number operator++(int)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_increment;
+      self_type temp(*this);
+      eval_increment(m_backend);
+      return BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp);
+   }
+
+   inline number operator--(int)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_decrement;
+      self_type temp(*this);
+      eval_decrement(m_backend);
+      return BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp);
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<is_integral<V>, number&>::type operator <<= (V val)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The left-shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(V) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<V>());
+      eval_left_shift(m_backend, static_cast<std::size_t>(canonical_value(val)));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<is_integral<V>, number&>::type operator >>= (V val)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The right-shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(V) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<V>());
+      eval_right_shift(m_backend, static_cast<std::size_t>(canonical_value(val)));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator /= (const self_type& e)
+   {
+      do_divide(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator/=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      // Create a temporary if the RHS references *this:
+      if(contains_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_divide(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_divide(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator/=(const V& v)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator&=(const self_type& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      do_bitwise_and(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator&=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      // Create a temporary if the RHS references *this, but not
+      // if we're just doing an   x &= x;
+      if(contains_self(e) && !is_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_bitwise_and(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_bitwise_and(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator&=(const V& v)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_and;
+      eval_bitwise_and(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator|=(const self_type& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      do_bitwise_or(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator|=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      // Create a temporary if the RHS references *this, but not
+      // if we're just doing an   x |= x;
+      if(contains_self(e) && !is_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_bitwise_or(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_bitwise_or(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator|=(const V& v)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_or;
+      eval_bitwise_or(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE number& operator^=(const self_type& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      do_bitwise_xor(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(e), detail::terminal());
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   number& operator^=(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      if(contains_self(e))
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         do_bitwise_xor(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_bitwise_xor(e, typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::tag_type());
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_convertible<V, self_type>, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& >::type
+      operator^=(const V& v)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_xor;
+      eval_bitwise_xor(m_backend, canonical_value(v));
+      return *this;
+   }
+   //
+   // swap:
+   //
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE void swap(self_type& other) BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      m_backend.swap(other.backend());
+   }
+   //
+   // Zero and sign:
+   //
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool is_zero()const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_is_zero;
+      return eval_is_zero(m_backend);
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE int sign()const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_get_sign;
+      return eval_get_sign(m_backend);
+   }
+   //
+   // String conversion functions:
+   //
+   std::string str(std::streamsize digits = 0, std::ios_base::fmtflags f = std::ios_base::fmtflags(0))const
+   {
+      return m_backend.str(digits, f);
+   }
+   template<class Archive>
+   void serialize(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/)
+   {
+      ar & m_backend;
+   }
+private:
+   template <class T>
+   void convert_to_imp(T* result)const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_convert_to;
+      eval_convert_to(result, m_backend);
+   }
+   template <class B2, expression_template_option ET>
+   void convert_to_imp(number<B2, ET>* result)const
+   {
+      result->assign(*this);
+   }
+   void convert_to_imp(std::string* result)const
+   {
+      *result = this->str();
+   }
+public:
+   template <class T>
+   T convert_to()const
+   {
+      T result;
+      convert_to_imp(&result);
+      return result;
+   }
+   //
+   // Use in boolean context, and explicit conversion operators:
+   //
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION_OPERATORS
+#  if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 4) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ < 7)
+   //
+   // Horrible workaround for gcc-4.6.x which always prefers the template
+   // operator bool() rather than the non-template operator when converting to
+   // an arithmetic type:
+   //
+   template <class T, typename boost::enable_if<is_same<T, bool>, int>::type = 0>
+   explicit operator T ()const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_is_zero;
+      return !eval_is_zero(backend());
+   }
+   template <class T, typename boost::disable_if_c<is_same<T, bool>::value || is_void<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+   explicit operator T ()const
+   {
+      return this->template convert_to<T>();
+   }
+#  else
+   template <class T>
+   explicit operator T()const
+   {
+      return this->template convert_to<T>();
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE explicit operator bool()const
+   {
+      return !is_zero();
+   }
+   explicit operator void()const {}
+#  endif
+#else
+   typedef bool (self_type::*unmentionable_type)()const;
+
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE operator unmentionable_type()const
+   {
+      return is_zero() ? 0 : &self_type::is_zero;
+   }
+#endif
+   //
+   // Default precision:
+   //
+   static unsigned default_precision() BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return Backend::default_precision();
+   }
+   static void default_precision(unsigned digits10)
+   {
+      Backend::default_precision(digits10);
+   }
+   unsigned precision()const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return m_backend.precision();
+   }
+   void precision(unsigned digits10)
+   {
+      m_backend.precision(digits10);
+   }
+   //
+   // Comparison:
+   //
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE int compare(const number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& o)const
+      BOOST_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(std::declval<Backend>().compare(std::declval<Backend>())))
+   {
+      return m_backend.compare(o.m_backend);
+   }
+   template <class V>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename boost::enable_if<is_arithmetic<V>, int>::type compare(const V& o)const
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_get_sign;
+      if(o == 0)
+         return eval_get_sign(m_backend);
+      return m_backend.compare(canonical_value(o));
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE Backend& backend() BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return m_backend;
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const Backend& backend()const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return m_backend;
+   }
+private:
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   void do_assign(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e, const mpl::true_&)
+   {
+      do_assign(e, tag());
+   }
+   template <class tag, class Arg1, class Arg2, class Arg3, class Arg4>
+   void do_assign(const detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>& e, const mpl::false_&)
+   {
+      // The result of the expression isn't the same type as this -
+      // create a temporary result and assign it to *this:
+      typedef typename detail::expression<tag, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4>::result_type temp_type;
+      temp_type t(e);
+      this->assign(t);
+   }
+
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::add_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::subtract_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::multiply_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::multiply_add&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply_add;
+      eval_multiply_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.middle().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::multiply_subtract&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply_subtract;
+      eval_multiply_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.middle().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::divide_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::negate&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      m_backend.negate();
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::plus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_add(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the right node, it's *this, just add the left:
+         do_add(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(bl && br)
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         temp.m_backend.swap(this->m_backend);
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      { // br is always false, but if bl is true we must take the this branch:
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_add(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_add(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::minus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just subtract the right:
+         do_subtract(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the right node, it's *this, just subtract the left and negate the result:
+         do_subtract(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         m_backend.negate();
+      }
+      else if(bl && br)
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         temp.m_backend.swap(this->m_backend);
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      { // br is always false, but if bl is true we must take the this branch:
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_subtract(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_subtract(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         m_backend.negate();
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::multiplies&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_multiplies(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the right node, it's *this, just add the left:
+         do_multiplies(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(bl && br)
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         temp.m_backend.swap(this->m_backend);
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      { // br is always false, but if bl is true we must take the this branch:
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_multiplies(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_multiplies(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::divides&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_divide(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br)
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         temp.m_backend.swap(this->m_backend);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_divide(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::modulus&)
+   {
+      //
+      // This operation is only valid for integer backends:
+      //
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_modulus(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br)
+      {
+         self_type temp(e);
+         temp.m_backend.swap(this->m_backend);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_modulus(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::modulus_immediates&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_modulus;
+      eval_modulus(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_and&)
+   {
+      //
+      // This operation is only valid for integer backends:
+      //
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_bitwise_and(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         do_bitwise_and(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      {
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_and(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_and(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_and_immediates&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_and;
+      eval_bitwise_and(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_or&)
+   {
+      //
+      // This operation is only valid for integer backends:
+      //
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_bitwise_or(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         do_bitwise_or(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      {
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_or(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_or(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_or_immediates&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_or;
+      eval_bitwise_or(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_xor&)
+   {
+      //
+      // This operation is only valid for integer backends:
+      //
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+
+      static int const left_depth = left_type::depth;
+      static int const right_depth = right_type::depth;
+
+      bool bl = contains_self(e.left());
+      bool br = contains_self(e.right());
+
+      if(bl && is_self(e.left()))
+      {
+         // Ignore the left node, it's *this, just add the right:
+         do_bitwise_xor(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(br && is_self(e.right()))
+      {
+         do_bitwise_xor(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else if(!br && (bl || (left_depth >= right_depth)))
+      {
+         do_assign(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_xor(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         do_assign(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+         do_bitwise_xor(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_xor_immediates&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "Bitwise operations are only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_xor;
+      eval_bitwise_xor(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()), canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      if(!is_self(e))
+      {
+         m_backend = canonical_value(e.value());
+      }
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::function&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::arity tag_type;
+      do_assign_function(e, tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::shift_left&)
+   {
+      // We can only shift by an integer value, not an arbitrary expression:
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      typedef typename right_type::arity right_arity;
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(right_arity::value == 0, "The left shift operator requires an integer value for the shift operand.");
+      typedef typename right_type::result_type right_value_type;
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(is_integral<right_value_type>::value, "The left shift operator requires an integer value for the shift operand.");
+      typedef typename left_type::tag_type tag_type;
+      do_assign_left_shift(e.left(), canonical_value(e.right().value()), tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::shift_right&)
+   {
+      // We can only shift by an integer value, not an arbitrary expression:
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      typedef typename right_type::arity right_arity;
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(right_arity::value == 0, "The left shift operator requires an integer value for the shift operand.");
+      typedef typename right_type::result_type right_value_type;
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(is_integral<right_value_type>::value, "The left shift operator requires an integer value for the shift operand.");
+      typedef typename left_type::tag_type tag_type;
+      do_assign_right_shift(e.left(), canonical_value(e.right().value()), tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_complement&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ~ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_complement;
+      self_type temp(e.left());
+      eval_complement(m_backend, temp.backend());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign(const Exp& e, const detail::complement_immediates&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ~ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_complement;
+      eval_complement(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class Val>
+   void do_assign_right_shift(const Exp& e, const Val& val, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The right shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_right_shift;
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(Val) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<Val>());
+      eval_right_shift(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()), static_cast<std::size_t>(val));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class Val>
+   void do_assign_left_shift(const Exp& e, const Val& val, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The left shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_left_shift;
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(Val) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<Val>());
+      eval_left_shift(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()), static_cast<std::size_t>(val));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class Val, class Tag>
+   void do_assign_right_shift(const Exp& e, const Val& val, const Tag&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The right shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_right_shift;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(Val) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<Val>());
+      eval_right_shift(m_backend, temp.backend(), static_cast<std::size_t>(val));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class Val, class Tag>
+   void do_assign_left_shift(const Exp& e, const Val& val, const Tag&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The left shift operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_left_shift;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      detail::check_shift_range(val, mpl::bool_<(sizeof(Val) > sizeof(std::size_t))>(), is_signed<Val>());
+      eval_left_shift(m_backend, temp.backend(), static_cast<std::size_t>(val));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign_function(const Exp& e, const mpl::int_<1>&)
+   {
+      e.left().value()(&m_backend);
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign_function(const Exp& e, const mpl::int_<2>&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      typedef typename right_type::tag_type tag_type;
+      do_assign_function_1(e.left().value(), e.right_ref(), tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp>
+   void do_assign_function_1(const F& f, const Exp& val, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      f(m_backend, function_arg_value(val));
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp, class Tag>
+   void do_assign_function_1(const F& f, const Exp& val, const Tag&)
+   {
+      number t(val);
+      f(m_backend, t.backend());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign_function(const Exp& e, const mpl::int_<3>&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::middle_type middle_type;
+      typedef typename middle_type::tag_type tag_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type end_type;
+      typedef typename end_type::tag_type end_tag;
+      do_assign_function_2(e.left().value(), e.middle_ref(), e.right_ref(), tag_type(), end_tag());
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2>
+   void do_assign_function_2(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const detail::terminal&, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      f(m_backend, function_arg_value(val1), function_arg_value(val2));
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Tag1>
+   void do_assign_function_2(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Tag1&, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      self_type temp1(val1);
+      f(m_backend, BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp1.backend()), function_arg_value(val2));
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Tag2>
+   void do_assign_function_2(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const detail::terminal&, const Tag2&)
+   {
+      self_type temp2(val2);
+      f(m_backend, function_arg_value(val1), BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp2.backend()));
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Tag1, class Tag2>
+   void do_assign_function_2(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Tag1&, const Tag2&)
+   {
+      self_type temp1(val1);
+      self_type temp2(val2);
+      f(m_backend, BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp1.backend()), BOOST_MP_MOVE(temp2.backend()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_assign_function(const Exp& e, const mpl::int_<4>&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_middle_type left_type;
+      typedef typename left_type::tag_type left_tag_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_middle_type middle_type;
+      typedef typename middle_type::tag_type middle_tag_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      typedef typename right_type::tag_type right_tag_type;
+      do_assign_function_3a(e.left().value(), e.left_middle_ref(), e.right_middle_ref(), e.right_ref(), left_tag_type(), middle_tag_type(), right_tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3, class Tag2, class Tag3>
+   void do_assign_function_3a(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const detail::terminal&, const Tag2& t2, const Tag3& t3)
+   {
+      do_assign_function_3b(f, val1, val2, val3, t2, t3);
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3, class Tag1, class Tag2, class Tag3>
+   void do_assign_function_3a(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const Tag1&, const Tag2& t2, const Tag3& t3)
+   {
+      number t(val1);
+      do_assign_function_3b(f, BOOST_MP_MOVE(t), val2, val3, t2, t3);
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3, class Tag3>
+   void do_assign_function_3b(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const detail::terminal&, const Tag3& t3)
+   {
+      do_assign_function_3c(f, val1, val2, val3, t3);
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3, class Tag2, class Tag3>
+   void do_assign_function_3b(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const Tag2& /*t2*/, const Tag3& t3)
+   {
+      number t(val2);
+      do_assign_function_3c(f, val1, BOOST_MP_MOVE(t), val3, t3);
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3>
+   void do_assign_function_3c(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      f(m_backend, function_arg_value(val1), function_arg_value(val2), function_arg_value(val3));
+   }
+   template <class F, class Exp1, class Exp2, class Exp3, class Tag3>
+   void do_assign_function_3c(const F& f, const Exp1& val1, const Exp2& val2, const Exp3& val3, const Tag3& /*t3*/)
+   {
+      number t(val3);
+      do_assign_function_3c(f, val1, val2, BOOST_MP_MOVE(t), detail::terminal());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::negate&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      do_subtract(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::plus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_add(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_add(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::minus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_add(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_subtract(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      self_type temp(e);
+      do_add(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::add_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_add(const Exp& e, const detail::subtract_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::negate&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      do_add(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::plus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_subtract(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_subtract(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::minus&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_subtract(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_add(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::add_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const detail::subtract_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      using default_ops::eval_subtract;
+      eval_subtract(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_add(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_subtract(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      self_type temp(e);
+      do_subtract(detail::expression<detail::terminal, self_type>(temp), detail::terminal());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::negate&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      do_multiplies(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      m_backend.negate();
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::multiplies&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_multiplies(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_multiplies(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::divides&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_multiplies(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_divide(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::multiply_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const detail::divide_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_multiplies(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_multiply(m_backend, temp.m_backend);
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divide(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divide(const Exp& e, const detail::negate&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      do_divide(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      m_backend.negate();
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divide(const Exp& e, const detail::multiplies&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_divide(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_divide(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divide(const Exp& e, const detail::divides&)
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_divide(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_multiplies(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divides(const Exp& e, const detail::multiply_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_divides(const Exp& e, const detail::divide_immediates&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      using default_ops::eval_divide;
+      eval_divide(m_backend, canonical_value(e.left().value()));
+      mutiply(m_backend, canonical_value(e.right().value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_divide(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_divide(m_backend, temp.m_backend);
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_modulus(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_modulus;
+      eval_modulus(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp, class Unknown>
+   void do_modulus(const Exp& e, const Unknown&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The modulus operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_modulus;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_modulus(m_backend, canonical_value(temp));
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_and(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_and;
+      eval_bitwise_and(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_and(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_and&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_bitwise_and(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_bitwise_and(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_bitwise_and(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise & operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_and;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_bitwise_and(m_backend, temp.m_backend);
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_or(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_or;
+      eval_bitwise_or(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_or(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_or&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_bitwise_or(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_bitwise_or(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_bitwise_or(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise | operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_or;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_bitwise_or(m_backend, temp.m_backend);
+   }
+
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_xor(const Exp& e, const detail::terminal&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_xor;
+      eval_bitwise_xor(m_backend, canonical_value(e.value()));
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   void do_bitwise_xor(const Exp& e, const detail::bitwise_xor&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type left_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type right_type;
+      do_bitwise_xor(e.left(), typename left_type::tag_type());
+      do_bitwise_xor(e.right(), typename right_type::tag_type());
+   }
+   template <class Exp, class unknown>
+   void do_bitwise_xor(const Exp& e, const unknown&)
+   {
+      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer, "The bitwise ^ operation is only valid for integer types");
+      using default_ops::eval_bitwise_xor;
+      self_type temp(e);
+      eval_bitwise_xor(m_backend, temp.m_backend);
+   }
+
+   // Tests if the expression contains a reference to *this:
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool contains_self(const Exp& e)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return contains_self(e, typename Exp::arity());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool contains_self(const Exp& e, mpl::int_<0> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return is_realy_self(e.value());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool contains_self(const Exp& e, mpl::int_<1> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type child_type;
+      return contains_self(e.left(), typename child_type::arity());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool contains_self(const Exp& e, mpl::int_<2> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type child0_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type child1_type;
+      return contains_self(e.left(), typename child0_type::arity())
+         || contains_self(e.right(), typename child1_type::arity());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE bool contains_self(const Exp& e, mpl::int_<3> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      typedef typename Exp::left_type child0_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::middle_type child1_type;
+      typedef typename Exp::right_type child2_type;
+      return contains_self(e.left(), typename child0_type::arity())
+         || contains_self(e.middle(), typename child1_type::arity())
+         || contains_self(e.right(), typename child2_type::arity());
+   }
+
+   // Test if the expression is a reference to *this:
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR bool is_self(const Exp& e)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return is_self(e, typename Exp::arity());
+   }
+   template <class Exp>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR bool is_self(const Exp& e, mpl::int_<0> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return is_realy_self(e.value());
+   }
+   template <class Exp, int v>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR bool is_self(const Exp&, mpl::int_<v> const&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT
+   {
+      return false;
+   }
+
+   template <class Val>
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR bool is_realy_self(const Val&)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT{ return false; }
+   BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR bool is_realy_self(const self_type& v)const BOOST_NOEXCEPT{ return &v == this; }
+
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const Backend& function_arg_value(const self_type& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v.backend();  }
+   template <class V>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const V& function_arg_value(const V& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v;  }
+   template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE const A1& function_arg_value(const detail::expression<detail::terminal, A1, A2, A3, A4>& exp) BOOST_NOEXCEPT { return exp.value(); }
+   template <class A2, class A3, class A4>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const Backend& function_arg_value(const detail::expression<detail::terminal, number<Backend>, A2, A3, A4>& exp) BOOST_NOEXCEPT { return exp.value().backend(); }
+   Backend m_backend;
+
+public:
+   //
+   // These shouldn't really need to be public, or even member functions, but it makes implementing
+   // the non-member operators way easier if they are:
+   //
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const Backend& canonical_value(const self_type& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v.m_backend;  }
+   template <class B2, expression_template_option ET>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR const B2& canonical_value(const number<B2, ET>& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v.backend();  }
+   template <class V>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR typename boost::disable_if<is_same<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, V>, typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type>::type
+      canonical_value(const V& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return static_cast<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type>(v);  }
+   template <class V>
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE BOOST_CONSTEXPR typename boost::enable_if<is_same<typename detail::canonical<V, Backend>::type, V>, const V&>::type
+      canonical_value(const V& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v;  }
+   static BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE typename detail::canonical<std::string, Backend>::type canonical_value(const std::string& v) BOOST_NOEXCEPT {  return v.c_str();  }
+
+};
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& r)
+{
+   std::streamsize d = os.precision();
+   std::string s = r.str(d, os.flags());
+   std::streamsize ss = os.width();
+   if(ss > static_cast<std::streamsize>(s.size()))
+   {
+      char fill = os.fill();
+      if((os.flags() & std::ios_base::left) == std::ios_base::left)
+         s.append(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(ss - s.size()), fill);
+      else
+         s.insert(0, static_cast<std::string::size_type>(ss - s.size()), fill);
+   }
+   return os << s;
+}
+
+namespace detail{
+
+template <class tag, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
+inline std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>& r)
+{
+   typedef typename expression<tag, A1, A2, A3, A4>::result_type value_type;
+   value_type temp(r);
+   return os << temp;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& r)
+{
+   bool hex_format = (is.flags() & std::ios_base::hex) == std::ios_base::hex;
+   bool oct_format = (is.flags() & std::ios_base::oct) == std::ios_base::oct;
+   std::string s;
+   is >> s;
+   if(hex_format && (number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer) && ((s[0] != '0') || (s[1] != 'x')))
+      s.insert(s.find_first_not_of("+-"), "0x");
+   if(oct_format && (number_category<Backend>::value == number_kind_integer) && (s[0] != '0'))
+      s.insert(s.find_first_not_of("+-"), "0");
+   r.assign(s);
+   return is;
+}
+
+template <class Backend, expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+BOOST_MP_FORCEINLINE void swap(number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& a, number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates>& b)
+{
+   a.swap(b);
+}
+
+}  // namespace multiprecision
+
+template <class T>
+class rational;
+
+template <class Backend, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline std::istream& operator >> (std::istream& is, rational<multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> >& r)
+{
+   std::string s1;
+   multiprecision::number<Backend, ExpressionTemplates> v1, v2;
+   char c;
+   bool have_hex = false;
+   bool hex_format = (is.flags() & std::ios_base::hex) == std::ios_base::hex;
+   bool oct_format = (is.flags() & std::ios_base::oct) == std::ios_base::oct;
+
+   while((EOF != (c = static_cast<char>(is.peek()))) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == '-' || c == '+' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (have_hex && (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')) || (have_hex && (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F'))))
+   {
+      if(c == 'x' || c == 'X')
+         have_hex = true;
+      s1.append(1, c);
+      is.get();
+   }
+   if(hex_format && ((s1[0] != '0') || (s1[1] != 'x')))
+      s1.insert(0, "0x");
+   if(oct_format && (s1[0] != '0'))
+      s1.insert(0, "0");
+   v1.assign(s1);
+   s1.erase();
+   if(c == '/')
+   {
+      is.get();
+      while((EOF != (c = static_cast<char>(is.peek()))) && (c == 'x' || c == 'X' || c == '-' || c == '+' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (have_hex && (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')) || (have_hex && (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F'))))
+      {
+         if(c == 'x' || c == 'X')
+            have_hex = true;
+         s1.append(1, c);
+         is.get();
+      }
+      if(hex_format && ((s1[0] != '0') || (s1[1] != 'x')))
+         s1.insert(0, "0x");
+      if(oct_format && (s1[0] != '0'))
+         s1.insert(0, "0");
+      v2.assign(s1);
+   }
+   else
+      v2 = 1;
+   r.assign(v1, v2);
+   return is;
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Arithmetic>
+typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_arithmetic<Arithmetic>, bool>::type operator == (const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a, const Arithmetic& b)
+{
+   return a == multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates>(b);
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Arithmetic>
+typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_arithmetic<Arithmetic>, bool>::type operator == (const Arithmetic& b, const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a)
+{
+   return a == multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates>(b);
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Arithmetic>
+typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_arithmetic<Arithmetic>, bool>::type operator != (const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a, const Arithmetic& b)
+{
+   return a != multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates>(b);
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates, class Arithmetic>
+typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_arithmetic<Arithmetic>, bool>::type operator != (const Arithmetic& b, const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a)
+{
+   return a != multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates>(b);
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> numerator(const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a)
+{
+   return a.numerator();
+}
+
+template <class T, multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+inline multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> denominator(const rational<multiprecision::number<T, ExpressionTemplates> >& a)
+{
+   return a.denominator();
+}
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+} // namespaces
+
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/ublas_interop.hpp>
+
+#endif