annotate data/midi/rtmidi/RtMidi.cpp @ 1196:c7b9c902642f spectrogram-minor-refactor

Fix threshold in spectrogram -- it wasn't working in the last release.
There is a new protocol for this. Formerly the threshold parameter had a
range from -50dB to 0 with the default at -50, and -50 treated internally
as "no threshold". However, there was a hardcoded, hidden internal threshold
for spectrogram colour mapping at -80dB with anything below this being rounded
to zero. Now the threshold parameter has range -81 to -1 with the default
at -80, -81 is treated internally as "no threshold", and there is no hidden
internal threshold. So the default behaviour is the same as before, an
effective -80dB threshold, but it is now possible to change this in both
directions. Sessions reloaded from prior versions may look slightly different
because, if the session says there should be no threshold, there will now
actually be no threshold instead of having the hidden internal one.

Still need to do something in the UI to make it apparent that the -81dB
setting removes the threshold entirely. This is at least no worse than the
previous, also obscured, magic -50dB setting.

/**********************************************************************/
/*! \class RtMidi
    \brief An abstract base class for realtime MIDI input/output.

    This class implements some common functionality for the realtime
    MIDI input/output subclasses RtMidiIn and RtMidiOut.

    RtMidi WWW site: http://music.mcgill.ca/~gary/rtmidi/

    RtMidi: realtime MIDI i/o C++ classes
    Copyright (c) 2003-2009 Gary P. Scavone

    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
    obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
    (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
    including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
    publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
    and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
    subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
    included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
    requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
    they can be incorporated into the canonical version.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
    EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
    MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
    ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
    CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
    WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/
/**********************************************************************/

// RtMidi: Version 1.0.8

#include "RtMidi.h"
#include <sstream>

using std::cerr;
using std::endl;

//*********************************************************************//
//  Common RtMidi Definitions
//*********************************************************************//

RtMidi :: RtMidi()
  : apiData_( 0 ), connected_( false )
{
}

void RtMidi :: error( RtError::Type type )
{
  if (type == RtError::WARNING) {
    cerr << '\n' << errorString_ << "\n\n";
  }
  else if (type == RtError::DEBUG_WARNING) {
#if defined(__RTMIDI_DEBUG__)
    cerr << '\n' << errorString_ << "\n\n";
#endif
  }
  else {
    cerr << '\n' << errorString_ << "\n\n";
    throw RtError( errorString_, type );
  }
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  Common RtMidiIn Definitions
//*********************************************************************//

RtMidiIn :: RtMidiIn( const std::string clientName ) : RtMidi()
{
  this->initialize( clientName );
}

void RtMidiIn :: setCallback( RtMidiCallback callback, void *userData )
{
  if ( inputData_.usingCallback ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::setCallback: a callback function is already set!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  if ( !callback ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::setCallback: callback function value is invalid!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  inputData_.userCallback = (void *) callback;
  inputData_.userData = userData;
  inputData_.usingCallback = true;
}

void RtMidiIn :: cancelCallback()
{
  if ( !inputData_.usingCallback ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::cancelCallback: no callback function was set!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  inputData_.userCallback = 0;
  inputData_.userData = 0;
  inputData_.usingCallback = false;
}

void RtMidiIn :: setQueueSizeLimit( unsigned int queueSize )
{
  inputData_.queueLimit = queueSize;
}

void RtMidiIn :: ignoreTypes( bool midiSysex, bool midiTime, bool midiSense )
{
  inputData_.ignoreFlags = 0;
  if ( midiSysex ) inputData_.ignoreFlags = 0x01;
  if ( midiTime ) inputData_.ignoreFlags |= 0x02;
  if ( midiSense ) inputData_.ignoreFlags |= 0x04;
}

double RtMidiIn :: getMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
  message->clear();

  if ( inputData_.usingCallback ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::getNextMessage: a user callback is currently set for this port.";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return 0.0;
  }

  if ( inputData_.queue.size() == 0 ) return 0.0;

  // Copy queued message to the vector pointer argument and then "pop" it.
  std::vector<unsigned char> *bytes = &(inputData_.queue.front().bytes);
  message->assign( bytes->begin(), bytes->end() );
  double deltaTime = inputData_.queue.front().timeStamp;
  inputData_.queue.pop();

  return deltaTime;
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  Common RtMidiOut Definitions
//*********************************************************************//

RtMidiOut :: RtMidiOut( const std::string clientName ) : RtMidi()
{
  this->initialize( clientName );
}


//*********************************************************************//
//  API: Macintosh OS-X
//*********************************************************************//

// API information found at:
//   - http://developer. apple .com/audio/pdf/coreaudio.pdf 

#if defined(__MACOSX_CORE__)

// The CoreMIDI API is based on the use of a callback function for
// MIDI input.  We convert the system specific time stamps to delta
// time values.

// OS-X CoreMIDI header files.
#include <CoreMIDI/CoreMIDI.h>
#include <CoreAudio/HostTime.h>

// A structure to hold variables related to the CoreMIDI API
// implementation.
struct CoreMidiData {
  MIDIClientRef client;
  MIDIPortRef port;
  MIDIEndpointRef endpoint;
  MIDIEndpointRef destinationId;
  unsigned long long lastTime;
};

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: OS-X
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiIn
//*********************************************************************//

void midiInputCallback( const MIDIPacketList *list, void *procRef, void *srcRef )
{
  RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *data = static_cast<RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *> (procRef);
  CoreMidiData *apiData = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (data->apiData);

  unsigned char status;
  unsigned short nBytes, iByte, size;
  unsigned long long time;

  bool& continueSysex = data->continueSysex;
  RtMidiIn::MidiMessage& message = data->message;

  const MIDIPacket *packet = &list->packet[0];
  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<list->numPackets; ++i ) {

    // My interpretation of the CoreMIDI documentation: all message
    // types, except sysex, are complete within a packet and there may
    // be several of them in a single packet.  Sysex messages can be
    // broken across multiple packets and PacketLists but are bundled
    // alone within each packet (these packets do not contain other
    // message types).  If sysex messages are split across multiple
    // MIDIPacketLists, they must be handled by multiple calls to this
    // function.

    nBytes = packet->length;
    if ( nBytes == 0 ) continue;

    // Calculate time stamp.
    message.timeStamp = 0.0;
    if ( data->firstMessage )
      data->firstMessage = false;
    else {
      time = packet->timeStamp;
      time -= apiData->lastTime;
      time = AudioConvertHostTimeToNanos( time );
      message.timeStamp = time * 0.000000001;
    }
    apiData->lastTime = packet->timeStamp;

    iByte = 0;
    if ( continueSysex ) {
      // We have a continuing, segmented sysex message.
      if ( !( data->ignoreFlags & 0x01 ) ) {
        // If we're not ignoring sysex messages, copy the entire packet.
        for ( unsigned int j=0; j<nBytes; j++ )
          message.bytes.push_back( packet->data[j] );
      }
      continueSysex = packet->data[nBytes-1] != 0xF7;

      if ( !continueSysex ) {
        // If not a continuing sysex message, invoke the user callback function or queue the message.
        if ( data->usingCallback && message.bytes.size() > 0 ) {
          RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
          callback( message.timeStamp, &message.bytes, data->userData );
        }
        else {
          // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
          if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
            data->queue.push( message );
          else
            cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
        }
        message.bytes.clear();
      }
    }
    else {
      while ( iByte < nBytes ) {
        size = 0;
        // We are expecting that the next byte in the packet is a status byte.
        status = packet->data[iByte];
        if ( !(status & 0x80) ) break;
        // Determine the number of bytes in the MIDI message.
        if ( status < 0xC0 ) size = 3;
        else if ( status < 0xE0 ) size = 2;
        else if ( status < 0xF0 ) size = 3;
        else if ( status == 0xF0 ) {
          // A MIDI sysex
          if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x01 ) {
            size = 0;
            iByte = nBytes;
          }
          else size = nBytes - iByte;
          continueSysex =  packet->data[nBytes-1] != 0xF7;
        }
        else if ( status < 0xF3 ) {
          if ( status == 0xF1 && (data->ignoreFlags & 0x02) ) {
            // A MIDI time code message and we're ignoring it.
            size = 0;
            iByte += 3;
          }
          else size = 3;
        }
        else if ( status == 0xF3 ) size = 2;
        else if ( status == 0xF8 ) {
          size = 1;
          if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x02 ) {
            // A MIDI timing tick message and we're ignoring it.
            size = 0;
            iByte += 3;
          }
        }
        else if ( status == 0xFE && (data->ignoreFlags & 0x04) ) {
          // A MIDI active sensing message and we're ignoring it.
          size = 0;
          iByte += 1;
        }
        else size = 1;

        // Copy the MIDI data to our vector.
        if ( size ) {
          message.bytes.assign( &packet->data[iByte], &packet->data[iByte+size] );
          if ( !continueSysex ) {
            // If not a continuing sysex message, invoke the user callback function or queue the message.
            if ( data->usingCallback ) {
              RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
              callback( message.timeStamp, &message.bytes, data->userData );
            }
            else {
              // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
              if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
                data->queue.push( message );
              else
                cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
            }
            message.bytes.clear();
          }
          iByte += size;
        }
      }
    }
    packet = MIDIPacketNext(packet);
  }
}

void RtMidiIn :: initialize( const std::string& clientName )
{
  // Set up our client.
  MIDIClientRef client;
  OSStatus result = MIDIClientCreate( CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, clientName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ), NULL, NULL, &client );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::initialize: error creating OS-X MIDI client object.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  CoreMidiData *data = (CoreMidiData *) new CoreMidiData;
  data->client = client;
  data->endpoint = 0;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
  inputData_.apiData = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string portName )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nSrc = MIDIGetNumberOfSources();
  if (nSrc < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: no MIDI input sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nSrc ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  MIDIPortRef port;
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
  OSStatus result = MIDIInputPortCreate( data->client, 
                                         CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, portName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ),
                                         midiInputCallback, (void *)&inputData_, &port );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error creating OS-X MIDI input port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Get the desired input source identifier.
  MIDIEndpointRef endpoint = MIDIGetSource( portNumber );
  if ( endpoint == NULL ) {
    MIDIPortDispose( port );
    MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error getting MIDI input source reference.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Make the connection.
  result = MIDIPortConnectSource( port, endpoint, NULL );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    MIDIPortDispose( port );
    MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error connecting OS-X MIDI input port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific port information.
  data->port = port;

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openVirtualPort( const std::string portName )
{
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);

  // Create a virtual MIDI input destination.
  MIDIEndpointRef endpoint;
  OSStatus result = MIDIDestinationCreate( data->client,
                                           CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, portName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ),
                                           midiInputCallback, (void *)&inputData_, &endpoint );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openVirtualPort: error creating virtual OS-X MIDI destination.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  data->endpoint = endpoint;
}

void RtMidiIn :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
    MIDIPortDispose( data->port );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

RtMidiIn :: ~RtMidiIn()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
  MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
  if ( data->endpoint ) MIDIEndpointDispose( data->endpoint );
  delete data;
}

unsigned int RtMidiIn :: getPortCount()
{
  return MIDIGetNumberOfSources();
}

std::string RtMidiIn :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  CFStringRef nameRef;
  MIDIEndpointRef portRef;
  std::ostringstream ost;
  char name[128];

  if ( portNumber >= MIDIGetNumberOfSources() ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }
  portRef = MIDIGetSource( portNumber );

  MIDIObjectGetStringProperty( portRef, kMIDIPropertyName, &nameRef );
  CFStringGetCString( nameRef, name, sizeof(name), 0);
  CFRelease( nameRef );
  std::string stringName = name;
  return stringName;
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: OS-X
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiOut
//*********************************************************************//

unsigned int RtMidiOut :: getPortCount()
{
  return MIDIGetNumberOfDestinations();
}

std::string RtMidiOut :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  CFStringRef nameRef;
  MIDIEndpointRef portRef;
  std::ostringstream ost;
  char name[128];

  if ( portNumber >= MIDIGetNumberOfDestinations() ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }
  portRef = MIDIGetDestination( portNumber );

  MIDIObjectGetStringProperty( portRef, kMIDIPropertyName, &nameRef );
  CFStringGetCString( nameRef, name, sizeof(name), 0);
  CFRelease( nameRef );
  std::string stringName = name;
  return stringName;
}

void RtMidiOut :: initialize( const std::string& clientName )
{
  // Set up our client.
  MIDIClientRef client;
  OSStatus result = MIDIClientCreate( CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, clientName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ), NULL, NULL, &client );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error creating OS-X MIDI client object.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  CoreMidiData *data = (CoreMidiData *) new CoreMidiData;
  data->client = client;
  data->endpoint = 0;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string portName )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nDest = MIDIGetNumberOfDestinations();
  if (nDest < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: no MIDI output destinations found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nDest ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  MIDIPortRef port;
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
  OSStatus result = MIDIOutputPortCreate( data->client, 
                                          CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, portName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ),
                                          &port );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: error creating OS-X MIDI output port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Get the desired output port identifier.
  MIDIEndpointRef destination = MIDIGetDestination( portNumber );
  if ( destination == NULL ) {
    MIDIPortDispose( port );
    MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: error getting MIDI output destination reference.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  data->port = port;
  data->destinationId = destination;
  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiOut :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
    MIDIPortDispose( data->port );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

void RtMidiOut :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);

  if ( data->endpoint ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openVirtualPort: a virtual output port already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  // Create a virtual MIDI output source.
  MIDIEndpointRef endpoint;
  OSStatus result = MIDISourceCreate( data->client,
                                      CFStringCreateWithCString( NULL, portName.c_str(), kCFStringEncodingASCII ),
                                      &endpoint );
  if ( result != noErr ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error creating OS-X virtual MIDI source.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  data->endpoint = endpoint;
}

RtMidiOut :: ~RtMidiOut()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);
  MIDIClientDispose( data->client );
  if ( data->endpoint ) MIDIEndpointDispose( data->endpoint );
  delete data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: sendMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
  // The CoreMidi documentation indicates a maximum PackList size of
  // 64K, so we may need to break long sysex messages into pieces and
  // send via separate lists.
  unsigned int nBytes = message->size();
  if ( nBytes == 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: no data in message argument!";      
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  if ( nBytes > 3 && ( message->at(0) != 0xF0 ) ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: message format problem ... not sysex but > 3 bytes?";      
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int packetBytes, bytesLeft = nBytes;
  unsigned int messageIndex = 0;
  MIDITimeStamp timeStamp = 0;
  CoreMidiData *data = static_cast<CoreMidiData *> (apiData_);

  while ( bytesLeft > 0 ) {

    packetBytes = ( bytesLeft > 32736 ) ? 32736 : bytesLeft;
    Byte buffer[packetBytes + 32]; // extra memory for other structure variables
    MIDIPacketList *packetList = (MIDIPacketList *) buffer;
    MIDIPacket *curPacket = MIDIPacketListInit( packetList );

    curPacket = MIDIPacketListAdd( packetList, packetBytes+32, curPacket, timeStamp, packetBytes, (const Byte *) &message->at( messageIndex ) );
    if ( !curPacket ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: could not allocate packet list";      
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
    messageIndex += packetBytes;
    bytesLeft -= packetBytes;

    // Send to any destinations that may have connected to us.
    OSStatus result;
    if ( data->endpoint ) {
      result = MIDIReceived( data->endpoint, packetList );
      if ( result != noErr ) {
        errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error sending MIDI to virtual destinations.";
        error( RtError::WARNING );
      }
    }

    // And send to an explicit destination port if we're connected.
    if ( connected_ ) {
      result = MIDISend( data->port, data->destinationId, packetList );
      if ( result != noErr ) {
        errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error sending MIDI message to port.";
        error( RtError::WARNING );
      }
    }
  }
}

#endif  // __MACOSX_CORE__


//*********************************************************************//
//  API: LINUX ALSA SEQUENCER
//*********************************************************************//

// API information found at:
//   - http://www.alsa-project.org/documentation.php#Library

#if defined(__LINUX_ALSASEQ__)

// The ALSA Sequencer API is based on the use of a callback function for
// MIDI input.
//
// Thanks to Pedro Lopez-Cabanillas for help with the ALSA sequencer
// time stamps and other assorted fixes!!!

#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

// ALSA header file.
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>

// A structure to hold variables related to the ALSA API
// implementation.
struct AlsaMidiData {
  snd_seq_t *seq;
  int vport;
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_t *subscription;
  snd_midi_event_t *coder;
  unsigned int bufferSize;
  unsigned char *buffer;
  pthread_t thread;
  unsigned long long lastTime;
  int queue_id; // an input queue is needed to get timestamped events
};

#define PORT_TYPE( pinfo, bits ) ((snd_seq_port_info_get_capability(pinfo) & (bits)) == (bits))

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: LINUX ALSA
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiIn
//*********************************************************************//

extern "C" void *alsaMidiHandler( void *ptr )
{
  RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *data = static_cast<RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *> (ptr);
  AlsaMidiData *apiData = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (data->apiData);

  long nBytes;
  unsigned long long time, lastTime;
  bool continueSysex = false;
  RtMidiIn::MidiMessage message;

  snd_seq_event_t *ev;
  int result;
  apiData->bufferSize = 32;
  result = snd_midi_event_new( 0, &apiData->coder );
  if ( result < 0 ) {
    data->doInput = false;
    cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: error initializing MIDI event parser!\n\n";
    return 0;
  }
  unsigned char *buffer = (unsigned char *) malloc( apiData->bufferSize );
  if ( buffer == NULL ) {
    data->doInput = false;
    cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: error initializing buffer memory!\n\n";
    return 0;
  }
  snd_midi_event_init( apiData->coder );
  snd_midi_event_no_status( apiData->coder, 1 ); // suppress running status messages

  while ( data->doInput ) {

    if ( snd_seq_event_input_pending( apiData->seq, 1 ) == 0 ) {
      // No data pending ... sleep a bit.
      usleep( 1000 );
      continue;
    }

    // If here, there should be data.
    result = snd_seq_event_input( apiData->seq, &ev );
    if ( result == -ENOSPC ) {
      cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: MIDI input buffer overrun!\n\n";
      continue;
    }
    else if ( result <= 0 ) {
      cerr << "RtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: unknown MIDI input error!\n";
      continue;
    }

    // This is a bit weird, but we now have to decode an ALSA MIDI
    // event (back) into MIDI bytes.  We'll ignore non-MIDI types.
    if ( !continueSysex )
      message.bytes.clear();

    switch ( ev->type ) {

		case SND_SEQ_EVENT_PORT_SUBSCRIBED:
#if defined(__RTMIDI_DEBUG__)
      cout << "RtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: port connection made!\n";
#endif
      break;

		case SND_SEQ_EVENT_PORT_UNSUBSCRIBED:
#if defined(__RTMIDI_DEBUG__)
      SVDEBUG << "RtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: port connection has closed!\n";
      // FIXME: this is called for all unsubscribe events, even ones
      //not related to this particular connection.  As it stands, I
      //see no data provided in the "source" and "dest" fields so
      //there is nothing we can do about this at this time.
      // cout << "sender = " << ev->source.client << ", dest = " << ev->dest.port << endl;
#endif
      //data->doInput = false;
      break;

    case SND_SEQ_EVENT_QFRAME: // MIDI time code
      if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x02 ) break;

    case SND_SEQ_EVENT_TICK: // MIDI timing tick
      if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x02 ) break;

    case SND_SEQ_EVENT_SENSING: // Active sensing
      if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x04 ) break;

		case SND_SEQ_EVENT_SYSEX:
      if ( (data->ignoreFlags & 0x01) ) break;
      if ( ev->data.ext.len > apiData->bufferSize ) {
        apiData->bufferSize = ev->data.ext.len;
        free( buffer );
        buffer = (unsigned char *) malloc( apiData->bufferSize );
        if ( buffer == NULL ) {
          data->doInput = false;
          cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: error resizing buffer memory!\n\n";
          break;
        }
      }

    default:
      nBytes = snd_midi_event_decode( apiData->coder, buffer, apiData->bufferSize, ev );
      if ( nBytes <= 0 ) {
#if defined(__RTMIDI_DEBUG__)
        cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::alsaMidiHandler: event parsing error or not a MIDI event!\n\n";
#endif
        break;
      }

      // The ALSA sequencer has a maximum buffer size for MIDI sysex
      // events of 256 bytes.  If a device sends sysex messages larger
      // than this, they are segmented into 256 byte chunks.  So,
      // we'll watch for this and concatenate sysex chunks into a
      // single sysex message if necessary.
      if ( !continueSysex )
        message.bytes.assign( buffer, &buffer[nBytes] );
      else
        message.bytes.insert( message.bytes.end(), buffer, &buffer[nBytes] );

      continueSysex = ( ( ev->type == SND_SEQ_EVENT_SYSEX ) && ( message.bytes.back() != 0xF7 ) );
      if ( continueSysex )
        break;

      // Calculate the time stamp:
      message.timeStamp = 0.0;

      // Method 1: Use the system time.
      //(void)gettimeofday(&tv, (struct timezone *)NULL);
      //time = (tv.tv_sec * 1000000) + tv.tv_usec;

      // Method 2: Use the ALSA sequencer event time data.
      // (thanks to Pedro Lopez-Cabanillas!).
      time = ( ev->time.time.tv_sec * 1000000 ) + ( ev->time.time.tv_nsec/1000 );
      lastTime = time;
      time -= apiData->lastTime;
      apiData->lastTime = lastTime;
      if ( data->firstMessage == true )
        data->firstMessage = false;
      else
	  message.timeStamp = double(time) * 0.000001;
    }

    snd_seq_free_event(ev);
    if ( message.bytes.size() == 0 ) continue;

    if ( data->usingCallback && !continueSysex ) {
      RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
      callback( message.timeStamp, &message.bytes, data->userData );
    }
    else {
      // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
      if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
        data->queue.push( message );
      else
        cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
    }
  }

  if ( buffer ) free( buffer );
  snd_midi_event_free( apiData->coder );
  apiData->coder = 0;
  return 0;
}

void RtMidiIn :: initialize( const std::string& clientName )
{
  // Set up the ALSA sequencer client.
  snd_seq_t *seq;
  int result = snd_seq_open(&seq, "default", SND_SEQ_OPEN_DUPLEX, SND_SEQ_NONBLOCK);
  if ( result < 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::initialize: error creating ALSA sequencer input client object.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
	}

  // Set client name.
  snd_seq_set_client_name( seq, clientName.c_str() );

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  AlsaMidiData *data = (AlsaMidiData *) new AlsaMidiData;
  data->seq = seq;
  data->vport = -1;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
  inputData_.apiData = (void *) data;

  // Create the input queue
  data->queue_id = snd_seq_alloc_named_queue(seq, "RtMidi Queue");
  // Set arbitrary tempo (mm=100) and resolution (240)
  snd_seq_queue_tempo_t *qtempo;
  snd_seq_queue_tempo_alloca(&qtempo);
  snd_seq_queue_tempo_set_tempo(qtempo, 600000);
  snd_seq_queue_tempo_set_ppq(qtempo, 240);
  snd_seq_set_queue_tempo(data->seq, data->queue_id, qtempo);
  snd_seq_drain_output(data->seq);
}

// This function is used to count or get the pinfo structure for a given port number.
unsigned int portInfo( snd_seq_t *seq, snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo, unsigned int type, int portNumber )
{
	snd_seq_client_info_t *cinfo;
  int client;
  int count = 0;
	snd_seq_client_info_alloca( &cinfo );

	snd_seq_client_info_set_client( cinfo, -1 );
	while ( snd_seq_query_next_client( seq, cinfo ) >= 0 ) {
    client = snd_seq_client_info_get_client( cinfo );
    if ( client == 0 ) continue;
		// Reset query info
		snd_seq_port_info_set_client( pinfo, client );
		snd_seq_port_info_set_port( pinfo, -1 );
		while ( snd_seq_query_next_port( seq, pinfo ) >= 0 ) {
      unsigned int atyp = snd_seq_port_info_get_type( pinfo );
      if ( ( atyp & SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC ) == 0 ) continue;
      unsigned int caps = snd_seq_port_info_get_capability( pinfo );
      if ( ( caps & type ) != type ) continue;
      if ( count == portNumber ) return 1;
      count++;
		}
	}

  // If a negative portNumber was used, return the port count.
  if ( portNumber < 0 ) return count;
  return 0;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string portName )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nSrc = this->getPortCount();
  if (nSrc < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: no MIDI input sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

	snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
	snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );
  std::ostringstream ost;
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_READ|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_READ, (int) portNumber ) == 0 ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }


  snd_seq_addr_t sender, receiver;
  sender.client = (unsigned char)snd_seq_port_info_get_client( pinfo );
  sender.port = (unsigned char)snd_seq_port_info_get_port( pinfo );
  receiver.client = (unsigned char)snd_seq_client_id( data->seq );
  if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
    snd_seq_port_info_set_client( pinfo, 0 );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_port( pinfo, 0 );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_capability( pinfo,
                                      SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_WRITE |
                                      SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_WRITE );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_type( pinfo,
                                SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC |
                                SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_APPLICATION );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_midi_channels(pinfo, 16);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamping(pinfo, 1);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamp_real(pinfo, 1);    
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamp_queue(pinfo, data->queue_id);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_name(pinfo,  portName.c_str() );
    data->vport = snd_seq_create_port(data->seq, pinfo);
  
    if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: ALSA error creating input port.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
  }

  receiver.port = (unsigned char)data->vport;

  // Make subscription
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_malloc( &data->subscription );
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_sender(data->subscription, &sender);
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_dest(data->subscription, &receiver);
  if ( snd_seq_subscribe_port(data->seq, data->subscription) ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: ALSA error making port connection.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  if ( inputData_.doInput == false ) {
    // Start the input queue
    snd_seq_start_queue( data->seq, data->queue_id, NULL );
    snd_seq_drain_output( data->seq );
    // Start our MIDI input thread.
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
    pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED_OTHER);

    inputData_.doInput = true;
    int err = pthread_create(&data->thread, &attr, alsaMidiHandler, &inputData_);
    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    if (err) {
      snd_seq_unsubscribe_port( data->seq, data->subscription );
      snd_seq_port_subscribe_free( data->subscription );
      inputData_.doInput = false;
      errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting MIDI input thread!";
      error( RtError::THREAD_ERROR );
    }
  }

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
    snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
    snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_capability( pinfo,
				      SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_WRITE |
				      SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_WRITE );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_type( pinfo,
				SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC |
				SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_APPLICATION );
    snd_seq_port_info_set_midi_channels(pinfo, 16);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamping(pinfo, 1);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamp_real(pinfo, 1);    
    snd_seq_port_info_set_timestamp_queue(pinfo, data->queue_id);
    snd_seq_port_info_set_name(pinfo, portName.c_str());
    data->vport = snd_seq_create_port(data->seq, pinfo);

    if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openVirtualPort: ALSA error creating virtual port.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
  }

  if ( inputData_.doInput == false ) {
    // Start the input queue
    snd_seq_start_queue( data->seq, data->queue_id, NULL );
    snd_seq_drain_output( data->seq );
    // Start our MIDI input thread.
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
    pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED_OTHER);

    inputData_.doInput = true;
    int err = pthread_create(&data->thread, &attr, alsaMidiHandler, &inputData_);
    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    if (err) {
      snd_seq_unsubscribe_port( data->seq, data->subscription );
      snd_seq_port_subscribe_free( data->subscription );
      inputData_.doInput = false;
      errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting MIDI input thread!";
      error( RtError::THREAD_ERROR );
    }
  }
}

void RtMidiIn :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
    snd_seq_unsubscribe_port( data->seq, data->subscription );
    snd_seq_port_subscribe_free( data->subscription );
    // Stop the input queue
    snd_seq_stop_queue( data->seq, data->queue_id, NULL );
    snd_seq_drain_output( data->seq );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

RtMidiIn :: ~RtMidiIn()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Shutdown the input thread.
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( inputData_.doInput ) {
    inputData_.doInput = false;
    pthread_join( data->thread, NULL );
  }

  // Cleanup.
  if ( data->vport >= 0 ) snd_seq_delete_port( data->seq, data->vport );
  snd_seq_free_queue( data->seq, data->queue_id );
  snd_seq_close( data->seq );
  delete data;
}

unsigned int RtMidiIn :: getPortCount()
{
	snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
	snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );

  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  return portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_READ|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_READ, -1 );
}

std::string RtMidiIn :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  snd_seq_client_info_t *cinfo;
  snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
  snd_seq_client_info_alloca( &cinfo );
  snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );

  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_READ|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_READ, (int) portNumber ) ) {
    int cnum = snd_seq_port_info_get_client( pinfo );
    snd_seq_get_any_client_info( data->seq, cnum, cinfo );
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << snd_seq_client_info_get_name( cinfo );
    os << ":";
    os << snd_seq_port_info_get_port( pinfo );
    std::string stringName = os.str();
    return stringName;
  }

  // If we get here, we didn't find a match.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::getPortName: error looking for port name!";
  error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  return 0;
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: LINUX ALSA
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiOut
//*********************************************************************//

unsigned int RtMidiOut :: getPortCount()
{
	snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
	snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );

  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  return portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_WRITE|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_WRITE, -1 );
}

std::string RtMidiOut :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  snd_seq_client_info_t *cinfo;
  snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
  snd_seq_client_info_alloca( &cinfo );
  snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );

  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_WRITE|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_WRITE, (int) portNumber ) ) {
    int cnum = snd_seq_port_info_get_client(pinfo);
    snd_seq_get_any_client_info( data->seq, cnum, cinfo );
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << snd_seq_client_info_get_name(cinfo);
    os << ":";
    os << snd_seq_port_info_get_port(pinfo);
    std::string stringName = os.str();
    return stringName;
  }

  // If we get here, we didn't find a match.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::getPortName: error looking for port name!";
  error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  return 0;
}

void RtMidiOut :: initialize( const std::string& clientName )
{
  // Set up the ALSA sequencer client.
  snd_seq_t *seq;
  int result = snd_seq_open( &seq, "default", SND_SEQ_OPEN_OUTPUT, SND_SEQ_NONBLOCK );
  if ( result < 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error creating ALSA sequencer client object.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
	}

  // Set client name.
  snd_seq_set_client_name( seq, clientName.c_str() );

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  AlsaMidiData *data = (AlsaMidiData *) new AlsaMidiData;
  data->seq = seq;
  data->vport = -1;
  data->bufferSize = 32;
  data->coder = 0;
  data->buffer = 0;
  result = snd_midi_event_new( data->bufferSize, &data->coder );
  if ( result < 0 ) {
    delete data;
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error initializing MIDI event parser!\n\n";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }
  data->buffer = (unsigned char *) malloc( data->bufferSize );
  if ( data->buffer == NULL ) {
    delete data;
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error allocating buffer memory!\n\n";
    error( RtError::MEMORY_ERROR );
  }
  snd_midi_event_init( data->coder );
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string portName )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nSrc = this->getPortCount();
  if (nSrc < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: no MIDI output sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

	snd_seq_port_info_t *pinfo;
	snd_seq_port_info_alloca( &pinfo );
  std::ostringstream ost;
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( portInfo( data->seq, pinfo, SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_WRITE|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_WRITE, (int) portNumber ) == 0 ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  snd_seq_addr_t sender, receiver;
  receiver.client = (unsigned char)snd_seq_port_info_get_client( pinfo );
  receiver.port = (unsigned char)snd_seq_port_info_get_port( pinfo );
  sender.client = (unsigned char)snd_seq_client_id( data->seq );

  if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
    data->vport = snd_seq_create_simple_port( data->seq, portName.c_str(),
                                              SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_READ|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_READ,
                                              SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC );
    if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: ALSA error creating output port.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
  }

  sender.port = (unsigned char)data->vport;

  // Make subscription
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_malloc( &data->subscription );
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_sender(data->subscription, &sender);
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_dest(data->subscription, &receiver);
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_time_update(data->subscription, 1);
  snd_seq_port_subscribe_set_time_real(data->subscription, 1);
  if ( snd_seq_subscribe_port(data->seq, data->subscription) ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: ALSA error making port connection.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiOut :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
    snd_seq_unsubscribe_port( data->seq, data->subscription );
    snd_seq_port_subscribe_free( data->subscription );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

void RtMidiOut :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
    data->vport = snd_seq_create_simple_port( data->seq, portName.c_str(),
                                              SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_READ|SND_SEQ_PORT_CAP_SUBS_READ,
                                              SND_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_GENERIC );

    if ( data->vport < 0 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openVirtualPort: ALSA error creating virtual port.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
  }
}

RtMidiOut :: ~RtMidiOut()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( data->vport >= 0 ) snd_seq_delete_port( data->seq, data->vport );
  if ( data->coder ) snd_midi_event_free( data->coder );
  if ( data->buffer ) free( data->buffer );
  snd_seq_close( data->seq );
  delete data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: sendMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
  int result;
  AlsaMidiData *data = static_cast<AlsaMidiData *> (apiData_);
  unsigned int nBytes = (unsigned int) message->size();
  if ( nBytes > data->bufferSize ) {
    data->bufferSize = nBytes;
    result = snd_midi_event_resize_buffer ( data->coder, nBytes);
    if ( result != 0 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: ALSA error resizing MIDI event buffer.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
    free (data->buffer);
    data->buffer = (unsigned char *) malloc( data->bufferSize );
    if ( data->buffer == NULL ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: error allocating buffer memory!\n\n";
    error( RtError::MEMORY_ERROR );
    }
  }

  snd_seq_event_t ev;
  snd_seq_ev_clear(&ev);
  snd_seq_ev_set_source(&ev, (unsigned char) data->vport);
  snd_seq_ev_set_subs(&ev);
  snd_seq_ev_set_direct(&ev);
  for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ ) data->buffer[i] = message->at(i);
  result = (int) snd_midi_event_encode( data->coder, data->buffer, (long)nBytes, &ev );
  if ( result < (int)nBytes ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: event parsing error!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  // Send the event.
  result = snd_seq_event_output(data->seq, &ev);
  if ( result < 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error sending MIDI message to port.";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
  }
  snd_seq_drain_output(data->seq);
}

#endif // __LINUX_ALSA__


//*********************************************************************//
//  API: IRIX MD
//*********************************************************************//

// API information gleamed from:
//   http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/tpl/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?cmd=getdoc&coll=0650&db=man&fname=3%20mdIntro

// If the Makefile doesn't work, try the following:
// CC -o midiinfo -LANG:std -D__IRIX_MD__ -I../ ../RtMidi.cpp midiinfo.cpp -lpthread -lmd
// CC -o midiout -LANG:std -D__IRIX_MD__ -I../ ../RtMidi.cpp midiout.cpp -lpthread -lmd
// CC -o qmidiin -LANG:std -D__IRIX_MD__ -I../ ../RtMidi.cpp qmidiin.cpp -lpthread -lmd
// CC -o cmidiin -LANG:std -D__IRIX_MD__ -I../ ../RtMidi.cpp cmidiin.cpp -lpthread -lmd

#if defined(__IRIX_MD__)

#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

// Irix MIDI header file.
#include <dmedia/midi.h>

// A structure to hold variables related to the IRIX API
// implementation.
struct IrixMidiData {
  MDport port;
  pthread_t thread;
};

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: IRIX
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiIn
//*********************************************************************//

extern "C" void *irixMidiHandler( void *ptr )
{
  RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *data = static_cast<RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *> (ptr);
  IrixMidiData *apiData = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (data->apiData);

  bool continueSysex = false;
  unsigned char status;
  unsigned short size;
  MDevent event;
  int fd = mdGetFd( apiData->port );
  if ( fd < 0 ) {
    data->doInput = false;
    cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::irixMidiHandler: error getting port descriptor!\n\n";
    return 0;
  }

  fd_set mask, rmask;
  FD_ZERO( &mask );
  FD_SET( fd, &mask );
  struct timeval timeout = {0, 0};
  RtMidiIn::MidiMessage message;
  int result;

  while ( data->doInput ) {

    rmask = mask;
    timeout.tv_sec = 0;
    timeout.tv_usec = 0;
    if ( select( fd+1, &rmask, NULL, NULL, &timeout ) <= 0 ) {
      // No data pending ... sleep a bit.
      usleep( 1000 );
      continue;
    }

    // If here, there should be data.
    result = mdReceive( apiData->port, &event, 1);
    if ( result <= 0 ) {
      cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::irixMidiHandler: MIDI input read error!\n\n";
      continue;
    }

    message.timeStamp = event.stamp * 0.000000001;

    size = 0;
    status = event.msg[0];
    if ( !(status & 0x80) ) continue;
    if ( status == 0xF0 ) {
      // Sysex message ... can be segmented across multiple messages.
      if ( !(data->ignoreFlags & 0x01) ) {
        if ( continueSysex ) {
          // We have a continuing, segmented sysex message.  Append
          // the new bytes to our existing message.
          for ( int i=0; i<event.msglen; i++ )
            message.bytes.push_back( event.sysexmsg[i] );
          if ( event.sysexmsg[event.msglen-1] == 0xF7 ) continueSysex = false;
          if ( !continueSysex ) {
            // If not a continuing sysex message, invoke the user callback function or queue the message.
            if ( data->usingCallback && message.bytes.size() > 0 ) {
              RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
              callback( message.timeStamp, &message.bytes, data->userData );
            }
            else {
              // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
              if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
                data->queue.push( message );
              else
                cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
            }
            message.bytes.clear();
          }
        }
      }
      mdFree( NULL );
      continue;
    }
    else if ( status < 0xC0 ) size = 3;
    else if ( status < 0xE0 ) size = 2;
    else if ( status < 0xF0 ) size = 3;
    else if ( status < 0xF3 ) {
      if ( status == 0xF1 && !(data->ignoreFlags & 0x02) ) {
        // A MIDI time code message and we're not ignoring it.
        size = 3;
      }
    }
    else if ( status == 0xF3 ) size = 2;
    else if ( status == 0xF8 ) {
      if ( !(data->ignoreFlags & 0x02) ) {
        // A MIDI timing tick message and we're not ignoring it.
        size = 1;
      }
    }
    else if ( status == 0xFE ) { // MIDI active sensing
      if ( !(data->ignoreFlags & 0x04) )
        size = 1;
    }
    else size = 1;

    // Copy the MIDI data to our vector.
    if ( size ) {
      message.bytes.assign( &event.msg[0], &event.msg[size] );
      // Invoke the user callback function or queue the message.
      if ( data->usingCallback ) {
        RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
        callback( message.timeStamp, &message.bytes, data->userData );
      }
      else {
        // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
        if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
          data->queue.push( message );
        else
          cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
      }
      message.bytes.clear();
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

void RtMidiIn :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
  // Initialize the Irix MIDI system.  At the moment, we will not
  // worry about a return value of zero (ports) because there is a
  // chance the user could plug something in after instantiation.
  int nPorts = mdInit();

  // Create our api-specific connection information.
  IrixMidiData *data = (IrixMidiData *) new IrixMidiData;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
  inputData_.apiData = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  int nPorts = mdInit();
  if (nPorts < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: no Irix MIDI input sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nPorts ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
  data->port = mdOpenInPort( mdGetName(portNumber) );
  if ( data->port == NULL ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::openPort: Irix error opening the port (" << portNumber << ").";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }
  mdSetStampMode(data->port, MD_DELTASTAMP);

  // Start our MIDI input thread.
  pthread_attr_t attr;
  pthread_attr_init(&attr);
  pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
  pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED_RR);

  inputData_.doInput = true;
  int err = pthread_create(&data->thread, &attr, irixMidiHandler, &inputData_);
  pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
  if (err) {
    mdClosePort( data->port );
    inputData_.doInput = false;
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting MIDI input thread!";
    error( RtError::THREAD_ERROR );
  }

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  // This function cannot be implemented for the Irix MIDI API.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openVirtualPort: cannot be implemented in Irix MIDI API!";
  error( RtError::WARNING );
}

void RtMidiIn :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
    mdClosePort( data->port );
    connected_ = false;

    // Shutdown the input thread.
    inputData_.doInput = false;
    pthread_join( data->thread, NULL );
  }
}

RtMidiIn :: ~RtMidiIn()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
  delete data;
}

unsigned int RtMidiIn :: getPortCount()
{
  int nPorts = mdInit();
  if ( nPorts >= 0 ) return nPorts;
  else return 0;
}

std::string RtMidiIn :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  int nPorts = mdInit();

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nPorts ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  std::string stringName = std::string( mdGetName( portNumber ) );
  return stringName;
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: IRIX MD
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiOut
//*********************************************************************//

unsigned int RtMidiOut :: getPortCount()
{
  int nPorts = mdInit();
  if ( nPorts >= 0 ) return nPorts;
  else return 0;
}

std::string RtMidiOut :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  int nPorts = mdInit();

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nPorts ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  std::string stringName = std::string( mdGetName( portNumber ) );
  return stringName;
}

void RtMidiOut :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
  // Initialize the Irix MIDI system.  At the moment, we will not
  // worry about a return value of zero (ports) because there is a
  // chance the user could plug something in after instantiation.
  int nPorts = mdInit();

  // Create our api-specific connection information.
  IrixMidiData *data = (IrixMidiData *) new IrixMidiData;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  int nPorts = mdInit();
  if (nPorts < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: no Irix MIDI output sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nPorts ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
  data->port = mdOpenOutPort( mdGetName(portNumber) );
  if ( data->port == NULL ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::openPort: Irix error opening the port (" << portNumber << ").";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }
  mdSetStampMode(data->port, MD_NOSTAMP);

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiOut :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
    mdClosePort( data->port );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

void RtMidiOut :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  // This function cannot be implemented for the Irix MIDI API.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openVirtualPort: cannot be implemented in Irix MIDI API!";
  error( RtError::WARNING );
}

RtMidiOut :: ~RtMidiOut()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
  delete data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: sendMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
  int result;
  MDevent event;
  IrixMidiData *data = static_cast<IrixMidiData *> (apiData_);
  char *buffer = 0;

  unsigned int nBytes = message->size();
  if ( nBytes == 0 ) return;
  event.stamp = 0;
  if ( message->at(0) == 0xF0 ) {
    if ( nBytes < 3 ) return; // check for bogus sysex
    event.msg[0] = 0xF0;
    event.msglen = nBytes;
    buffer = (char *) malloc( nBytes );
    for ( int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ ) buffer[i] = message->at(i);
    event.sysexmsg = buffer;
  }
  else {
    for ( int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ )
      event.msg[i] = message->at(i);
  }

  // Send the event.
  result = mdSend( data->port, &event, 1 );
  if ( buffer ) free( buffer );
  if ( result < 1 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: IRIX error sending MIDI message!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }
}

#endif // __IRIX_MD__

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: Windows Multimedia Library (MM)
//*********************************************************************//

// API information deciphered from:
//  - http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/multimed/htm/_win32_midi_reference.asp

// Thanks to Jean-Baptiste Berruchon for the sysex code.

#if defined(__WINDOWS_MM__)

// The Windows MM API is based on the use of a callback function for
// MIDI input.  We convert the system specific time stamps to delta
// time values.

// Windows MM MIDI header files.
#include <windows.h>
#include <mmsystem.h>

// A structure to hold variables related to the CoreMIDI API
// implementation.
struct WinMidiData {
  HMIDIIN inHandle;    // Handle to Midi Input Device
  HMIDIOUT outHandle;  // Handle to Midi Output Device
  DWORD lastTime;
  RtMidiIn::MidiMessage message;
  LPMIDIHDR sysexBuffer;
};

#define  RT_SYSEX_BUFFER_SIZE 1024

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: Windows MM
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiIn
//*********************************************************************//

static void CALLBACK midiInputCallback( HMIDIOUT hmin,
                                        UINT inputStatus, 
                                        DWORD instancePtr,
                                        DWORD midiMessage,
                                        DWORD timestamp )
{
  if ( inputStatus != MIM_DATA && inputStatus != MIM_LONGDATA ) return;

  //RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *data = static_cast<RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *> (instancePtr);
  RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *data = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiInData *)instancePtr;
  WinMidiData *apiData = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (data->apiData);

  // Calculate time stamp.
  apiData->message.timeStamp = 0.0;
  if ( data->firstMessage == true ) data->firstMessage = false;
  else apiData->message.timeStamp = (double) ( timestamp - apiData->lastTime ) * 0.001;
  apiData->lastTime = timestamp;

  if ( inputStatus == MIM_DATA ) { // Channel or system message

    // Make sure the first byte is a status byte.
    unsigned char status = (unsigned char) (midiMessage & 0x000000FF);
    if ( !(status & 0x80) ) return;

    // Determine the number of bytes in the MIDI message.
    unsigned short nBytes = 1;
    if ( status < 0xC0 ) nBytes = 3;
    else if ( status < 0xE0 ) nBytes = 2;
    else if ( status < 0xF0 ) nBytes = 3;
    else if ( status < 0xF3 ) {
      // A MIDI time code message and we're ignoring it.
      if ( status == 0xF1 && (data->ignoreFlags & 0x02) ) return;
      nBytes = 3;
    }
    else if ( status == 0xF3 ) nBytes = 2;
    else if ( status == 0xF8 && (data->ignoreFlags & 0x02) ) {
      // A MIDI timing tick message and we're ignoring it.
      return;
    }
    else if ( status == 0xFE && (data->ignoreFlags & 0x04) ) {
      // A MIDI active sensing message and we're ignoring it.
      return;
    }

    // Copy bytes to our MIDI message.
    unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *) &midiMessage;
    for ( int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ ) apiData->message.bytes.push_back( *ptr++ );
  }
  else { // Sysex message ( MIM_LONGDATA )
    MIDIHDR *sysex = ( MIDIHDR *) midiMessage; 
    if ( !( data->ignoreFlags & 0x01 ) ) {  
      // Sysex message and we're not ignoring it
      for ( int i=0; i<(int)sysex->dwBytesRecorded; i++ )
        apiData->message.bytes.push_back( sysex->lpData[i] );
    }

    // The WinMM API requires that the sysex buffer be requeued after
    // input of each sysex message.  Even if we are ignoring sysex
    // messages, we still need to requeue the buffer in case the user
    // decides to not ignore sysex messages in the future.  However,
    // it seems that WinMM calls this function with an empty sysex
    // buffer when an application closes and in this case, we should
    // avoid requeueing it, else the computer suddenly reboots after
    // one or two minutes.
    if ( apiData->sysexBuffer->dwBytesRecorded > 0 ) {
      //if ( sysex->dwBytesRecorded > 0 ) {
      MMRESULT result = midiInAddBuffer( apiData->inHandle, apiData->sysexBuffer, sizeof(MIDIHDR) );
      if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
        cerr << "\nRtMidiIn::midiInputCallback: error sending sysex to Midi device!!\n\n";

      if ( data->ignoreFlags & 0x01 ) return;
    }
    else return;
  }

  if ( data->usingCallback ) {
    RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback callback = (RtMidiIn::RtMidiCallback) data->userCallback;
    callback( apiData->message.timeStamp, &apiData->message.bytes, data->userData );
  }
  else {
    // As long as we haven't reached our queue size limit, push the message.
    if ( data->queueLimit > data->queue.size() )
      data->queue.push( apiData->message );
    else
      cerr << "\nRtMidiIn: message queue limit reached!!\n\n";
  }

  // Clear the vector for the next input message.
  apiData->message.bytes.clear();
}

void RtMidiIn :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
  // We'll issue a warning here if no devices are available but not
  // throw an error since the user can plugin something later.
  unsigned int nDevices = midiInGetNumDevs();
  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::initialize: no MIDI input devices currently available.";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  WinMidiData *data = (WinMidiData *) new WinMidiData;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
  inputData_.apiData = (void *) data;
  data->message.bytes.clear();  // needs to be empty for first input message
}

void RtMidiIn :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nDevices = midiInGetNumDevs();
  if (nDevices == 0) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: no MIDI input sources found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nDevices ) {
    ost << "RtMidiIn::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
  MMRESULT result = midiInOpen( &data->inHandle,
                                portNumber,
                                (DWORD)&midiInputCallback,
                                (DWORD)&inputData_,
                                CALLBACK_FUNCTION );
  if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error creating Windows MM MIDI input port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Allocate and init the sysex buffer.
  data->sysexBuffer = (MIDIHDR*) new char[ sizeof(MIDIHDR) ];
  data->sysexBuffer->lpData = new char[ RT_SYSEX_BUFFER_SIZE ];
  data->sysexBuffer->dwBufferLength = RT_SYSEX_BUFFER_SIZE;
  data->sysexBuffer->dwFlags = 0;

  result = midiInPrepareHeader( data->inHandle, data->sysexBuffer, sizeof(MIDIHDR) );
  if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
    midiInClose( data->inHandle );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting Windows MM MIDI input port (PrepareHeader).";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  // Register the buffer.
  result = midiInAddBuffer( data->inHandle, data->sysexBuffer, sizeof(MIDIHDR) );
  if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
    midiInClose( data->inHandle );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting Windows MM MIDI input port (AddBuffer).";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  result = midiInStart( data->inHandle );
  if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
    midiInClose( data->inHandle );
    errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error starting Windows MM MIDI input port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiIn :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  // This function cannot be implemented for the Windows MM MIDI API.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openVirtualPort: cannot be implemented in Windows MM MIDI API!";
  error( RtError::WARNING );
}

void RtMidiIn :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
    midiInReset( data->inHandle );
    midiInStop( data->inHandle );

    int result = midiInUnprepareHeader(data->inHandle, data->sysexBuffer, sizeof(MIDIHDR));
    delete [] data->sysexBuffer->lpData;
    delete [] data->sysexBuffer;
    if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
      midiInClose( data->inHandle );
      errorString_ = "RtMidiIn::openPort: error closing Windows MM MIDI input port (midiInUnprepareHeader).";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }

    midiInClose( data->inHandle );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

RtMidiIn :: ~RtMidiIn()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
  delete data;
}

unsigned int RtMidiIn :: getPortCount()
{
  return midiInGetNumDevs();
}

std::string RtMidiIn :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  unsigned int nDevices = midiInGetNumDevs();
  if ( portNumber >= nDevices ) {
    std::ostringstream ost;
    ost << "RtMidiIn::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  MIDIINCAPS deviceCaps;
  midiInGetDevCaps( portNumber, &deviceCaps, sizeof(MIDIINCAPS));

  // For some reason, we need to copy character by character with
  // UNICODE (thanks to Eduardo Coutinho!).
  //std::string stringName = std::string( deviceCaps.szPname );
  char nameString[MAXPNAMELEN];
  for( int i=0; i<MAXPNAMELEN; i++ )
    nameString[i] = (char)( deviceCaps.szPname[i] );

  std::string stringName( nameString );
  return stringName;
}

//*********************************************************************//
//  API: Windows MM
//  Class Definitions: RtMidiOut
//*********************************************************************//

unsigned int RtMidiOut :: getPortCount()
{
  return midiOutGetNumDevs();
}

std::string RtMidiOut :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
  unsigned int nDevices = midiOutGetNumDevs();
  if ( portNumber >= nDevices ) {
    std::ostringstream ost;
    ost << "RtMidiOut::getPortName: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  MIDIOUTCAPS deviceCaps;
  midiOutGetDevCaps( portNumber, &deviceCaps, sizeof(MIDIOUTCAPS));

  // For some reason, we need to copy character by character with
  // UNICODE (thanks to Eduardo Coutinho!).
  //std::string stringName = std::string( deviceCaps.szPname );
  char nameString[MAXPNAMELEN];
  for( int i=0; i<MAXPNAMELEN; i++ )
    nameString[i] = (char)( deviceCaps.szPname[i] );

  std::string stringName( nameString );
  return stringName;
}

void RtMidiOut :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
  // We'll issue a warning here if no devices are available but not
  // throw an error since the user can plug something in later.
  unsigned int nDevices = midiOutGetNumDevs();
  if ( nDevices == 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::initialize: no MIDI output devices currently available.";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
  }

  // Save our api-specific connection information.
  WinMidiData *data = (WinMidiData *) new WinMidiData;
  apiData_ = (void *) data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: a valid connection already exists!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  unsigned int nDevices = midiOutGetNumDevs();
  if (nDevices < 1) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: no MIDI output destinations found!";
    error( RtError::NO_DEVICES_FOUND );
  }

  std::ostringstream ost;
  if ( portNumber >= nDevices ) {
    ost << "RtMidiOut::openPort: the 'portNumber' argument (" << portNumber << ") is invalid.";
    errorString_ = ost.str();
    error( RtError::INVALID_PARAMETER );
  }

  WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
  MMRESULT result = midiOutOpen( &data->outHandle,
                                 portNumber,
                                 (DWORD)NULL,
                                 (DWORD)NULL,
                                 CALLBACK_NULL );
  if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openPort: error creating Windows MM MIDI output port.";
    error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
  }

  connected_ = true;
}

void RtMidiOut :: closePort( void )
{
  if ( connected_ ) {
    WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
    midiOutReset( data->outHandle );
    midiOutClose( data->outHandle );
    connected_ = false;
  }
}

void RtMidiOut :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
  // This function cannot be implemented for the Windows MM MIDI API.
  errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::openVirtualPort: cannot be implemented in Windows MM MIDI API!";
  error( RtError::WARNING );
}

RtMidiOut :: ~RtMidiOut()
{
  // Close a connection if it exists.
  closePort();

  // Cleanup.
  WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
  delete data;
}

void RtMidiOut :: sendMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
  unsigned int nBytes = message->size();
  if ( nBytes == 0 ) {
    errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: message argument is empty!";
    error( RtError::WARNING );
    return;
  }

  MMRESULT result;
  WinMidiData *data = static_cast<WinMidiData *> (apiData_);
  if ( message->at(0) == 0xF0 ) { // Sysex message

    // Allocate buffer for sysex data.
    char *buffer = (char *) malloc( nBytes );
    if ( buffer == NULL ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error allocating sysex message memory!";
      error( RtError::MEMORY_ERROR );
    }

    // Copy data to buffer.
    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ ) buffer[i] = message->at(i);

    // Create and prepare MIDIHDR structure.
    MIDIHDR sysex;
    sysex.lpData = (LPSTR) buffer;
    sysex.dwBufferLength = nBytes;
    sysex.dwFlags = 0;
    result = midiOutPrepareHeader( data->outHandle,  &sysex, sizeof(MIDIHDR) ); 
    if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
      free( buffer );
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error preparing sysex header.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }

    // Send the message.
    result = midiOutLongMsg( data->outHandle, &sysex, sizeof(MIDIHDR) );
    if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
      free( buffer );
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error sending sysex message.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }

    // Unprepare the buffer and MIDIHDR.
    while ( MIDIERR_STILLPLAYING == midiOutUnprepareHeader( data->outHandle, &sysex, sizeof (MIDIHDR) ) ) Sleep( 1 );
    free( buffer );

  }
  else { // Channel or system message.

    // Make sure the message size isn't too big.
    if ( nBytes > 3 ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: message size is greater than 3 bytes (and not sysex)!";
      error( RtError::WARNING );
      return;
    }

    // Pack MIDI bytes into double word.
    DWORD packet;
    unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *) &packet;
    for ( unsigned int i=0; i<nBytes; i++ ) {
      *ptr = message->at(i);
      ptr++;
    }

    // Send the message immediately.
    result = midiOutShortMsg( data->outHandle, packet );
    if ( result != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) {
      errorString_ = "RtMidiOut::sendMessage: error sending MIDI message.";
      error( RtError::DRIVER_ERROR );
    }
  }
}

#endif  // __WINDOWS_MM__

#ifdef __RTMIDI_DUMMY_ONLY__

void RtMidiIn :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
}

void RtMidiIn :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
}

void RtMidiIn :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
}

void RtMidiIn :: closePort( void )
{
}

RtMidiIn :: ~RtMidiIn()
{
}

unsigned int RtMidiIn :: getPortCount()
{
    return 0;
}

std::string RtMidiIn :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
    return "";
}

unsigned int RtMidiOut :: getPortCount()
{
    return 0;
}

std::string RtMidiOut :: getPortName( unsigned int portNumber )
{
    return "";
}

void RtMidiOut :: initialize( const std::string& /*clientName*/ )
{
}

void RtMidiOut :: openPort( unsigned int portNumber, const std::string /*portName*/ )
{
}

void RtMidiOut :: closePort( void )
{
}

void RtMidiOut :: openVirtualPort( std::string portName )
{
}

RtMidiOut :: ~RtMidiOut()
{
}

void RtMidiOut :: sendMessage( std::vector<unsigned char> *message )
{
}

#endif /* __RTMIDI_DUMMY_ONLY__ */