cannam@124: /** @file paex_ocean_shore.c cannam@124: @ingroup examples_src cannam@124: @brief Generate Pink Noise using Gardner method, and make "waves". Provides an example of how to cannam@124: post stuff to/from the audio callback using lock-free FIFOs implemented by the PA ringbuffer. cannam@124: cannam@124: Optimization suggested by James McCartney uses a tree cannam@124: to select which random value to replace. cannam@124:
cannam@124: 	x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 
cannam@124: 	x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   
cannam@124: 	x       x       x       x       
cannam@124: 	 x               x               
cannam@124: 	   x   
cannam@124: 
cannam@124: Tree is generated by counting trailing zeros in an increasing index. cannam@124: When the index is zero, no random number is selected. cannam@124: cannam@124: @author Phil Burk http://www.softsynth.com cannam@124: Robert Bielik cannam@124: */ cannam@124: /* cannam@124: * $Id: paex_ocean_shore.c 1816 2012-02-22 12:20:26Z robiwan $ cannam@124: * cannam@124: * This program uses the PortAudio Portable Audio Library. cannam@124: * For more information see: http://www.portaudio.com cannam@124: * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina and Phil Burk cannam@124: * cannam@124: * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining cannam@124: * a copy of this software and associated documentation files cannam@124: * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, cannam@124: * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, cannam@124: * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, cannam@124: * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, cannam@124: * subject to the following conditions: cannam@124: * cannam@124: * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be cannam@124: * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. cannam@124: * cannam@124: * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, cannam@124: * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF cannam@124: * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. cannam@124: * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR cannam@124: * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF cannam@124: * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION cannam@124: * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. cannam@124: */ cannam@124: cannam@124: /* cannam@124: * The text above constitutes the entire PortAudio license; however, cannam@124: * the PortAudio community also makes the following non-binding requests: cannam@124: * cannam@124: * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is cannam@124: * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that cannam@124: * they can be incorporated into the canonical version. It is also cannam@124: * requested that these non-binding requests be included along with the cannam@124: * license above. cannam@124: */ cannam@124: cannam@124: #include cannam@124: #include cannam@124: #include cannam@124: #include cannam@124: #include cannam@124: cannam@124: #include "portaudio.h" cannam@124: #include "pa_ringbuffer.h" cannam@124: #include "pa_util.h" cannam@124: cannam@124: #define PINK_MAX_RANDOM_ROWS (30) cannam@124: #define PINK_RANDOM_BITS (24) cannam@124: #define PINK_RANDOM_SHIFT ((sizeof(long)*8)-PINK_RANDOM_BITS) cannam@124: cannam@124: typedef struct cannam@124: { cannam@124: long pink_Rows[PINK_MAX_RANDOM_ROWS]; cannam@124: long pink_RunningSum; /* Used to optimize summing of generators. */ cannam@124: int pink_Index; /* Incremented each sample. */ cannam@124: int pink_IndexMask; /* Index wrapped by ANDing with this mask. */ cannam@124: float pink_Scalar; /* Used to scale within range of -1.0 to +1.0 */ cannam@124: } cannam@124: PinkNoise; cannam@124: cannam@124: typedef struct cannam@124: { cannam@124: float bq_b0; cannam@124: float bq_b1; cannam@124: float bq_b2; cannam@124: float bq_a1; cannam@124: float bq_a2; cannam@124: } BiQuad; cannam@124: cannam@124: typedef enum cannam@124: { cannam@124: State_kAttack, cannam@124: State_kPreDecay, cannam@124: State_kDecay, cannam@124: State_kCnt, cannam@124: } EnvState; cannam@124: cannam@124: typedef struct cannam@124: { cannam@124: PinkNoise wave_left; cannam@124: PinkNoise wave_right; cannam@124: cannam@124: BiQuad wave_bq_coeffs; cannam@124: float wave_bq_left[2]; cannam@124: float wave_bq_right[2]; cannam@124: cannam@124: EnvState wave_envelope_state; cannam@124: float wave_envelope_level; cannam@124: float wave_envelope_max_level; cannam@124: float wave_pan_left; cannam@124: float wave_pan_right; cannam@124: float wave_attack_incr; cannam@124: float wave_decay_incr; cannam@124: cannam@124: } OceanWave; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Prototypes */ cannam@124: static unsigned long GenerateRandomNumber( void ); cannam@124: void InitializePinkNoise( PinkNoise *pink, int numRows ); cannam@124: float GeneratePinkNoise( PinkNoise *pink ); cannam@124: unsigned GenerateWave( OceanWave* wave, float* output, unsigned noOfFrames); cannam@124: cannam@124: /************************************************************/ cannam@124: /* Calculate pseudo-random 32 bit number based on linear congruential method. */ cannam@124: static unsigned long GenerateRandomNumber( void ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* Change this seed for different random sequences. */ cannam@124: static unsigned long randSeed = 22222; cannam@124: randSeed = (randSeed * 196314165) + 907633515; cannam@124: return randSeed; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: /************************************************************/ cannam@124: /* Setup PinkNoise structure for N rows of generators. */ cannam@124: void InitializePinkNoise( PinkNoise *pink, int numRows ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: int i; cannam@124: long pmax; cannam@124: pink->pink_Index = 0; cannam@124: pink->pink_IndexMask = (1<pink_Scalar = 1.0f / pmax; cannam@124: /* Initialize rows. */ cannam@124: for( i=0; ipink_Rows[i] = 0; cannam@124: pink->pink_RunningSum = 0; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Generate Pink noise values between -1.0 and +1.0 */ cannam@124: float GeneratePinkNoise( PinkNoise *pink ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: long newRandom; cannam@124: long sum; cannam@124: float output; cannam@124: /* Increment and mask index. */ cannam@124: pink->pink_Index = (pink->pink_Index + 1) & pink->pink_IndexMask; cannam@124: /* If index is zero, don't update any random values. */ cannam@124: if( pink->pink_Index != 0 ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* Determine how many trailing zeros in PinkIndex. */ cannam@124: /* This algorithm will hang if n==0 so test first. */ cannam@124: int numZeros = 0; cannam@124: int n = pink->pink_Index; cannam@124: while( (n & 1) == 0 ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: n = n >> 1; cannam@124: numZeros++; cannam@124: } cannam@124: /* Replace the indexed ROWS random value. cannam@124: * Subtract and add back to RunningSum instead of adding all the random cannam@124: * values together. Only one changes each time. cannam@124: */ cannam@124: pink->pink_RunningSum -= pink->pink_Rows[numZeros]; cannam@124: newRandom = ((long)GenerateRandomNumber()) >> PINK_RANDOM_SHIFT; cannam@124: pink->pink_RunningSum += newRandom; cannam@124: pink->pink_Rows[numZeros] = newRandom; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Add extra white noise value. */ cannam@124: newRandom = ((long)GenerateRandomNumber()) >> PINK_RANDOM_SHIFT; cannam@124: sum = pink->pink_RunningSum + newRandom; cannam@124: /* Scale to range of -1.0 to 0.9999. */ cannam@124: output = pink->pink_Scalar * sum; cannam@124: return output; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: float ProcessBiquad(const BiQuad* coeffs, float* memory, float input) cannam@124: { cannam@124: float w = input - coeffs->bq_a1 * memory[0] - coeffs->bq_a2 * memory[1]; cannam@124: float out = coeffs->bq_b1 * memory[0] + coeffs->bq_b2 * memory[1] + coeffs->bq_b0 * w; cannam@124: memory[1] = memory[0]; cannam@124: memory[0] = w; cannam@124: return out; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: static const float one_over_2Q_LP = 0.3f; cannam@124: static const float one_over_2Q_HP = 1.0f; cannam@124: cannam@124: unsigned GenerateWave( OceanWave* wave, float* output, unsigned noOfFrames ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: unsigned retval=0,i; cannam@124: float targetLevel, levelIncr, currentLevel; cannam@124: switch (wave->wave_envelope_state) cannam@124: { cannam@124: case State_kAttack: cannam@124: targetLevel = noOfFrames * wave->wave_attack_incr + wave->wave_envelope_level; cannam@124: if (targetLevel >= wave->wave_envelope_max_level) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* Go to decay state */ cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_state = State_kPreDecay; cannam@124: targetLevel = wave->wave_envelope_max_level; cannam@124: } cannam@124: /* Calculate lowpass biquad coeffs cannam@124: cannam@124: alpha = sin(w0)/(2*Q) cannam@124: cannam@124: b0 = (1 - cos(w0))/2 cannam@124: b1 = 1 - cos(w0) cannam@124: b2 = (1 - cos(w0))/2 cannam@124: a0 = 1 + alpha cannam@124: a1 = -2*cos(w0) cannam@124: a2 = 1 - alpha cannam@124: cannam@124: w0 = [0 - pi[ cannam@124: */ cannam@124: { cannam@124: const float w0 = 3.141592654f * targetLevel / wave->wave_envelope_max_level; cannam@124: const float alpha = sinf(w0) * one_over_2Q_LP; cannam@124: const float cosw0 = cosf(w0); cannam@124: const float a0_fact = 1.0f / (1.0f + alpha); cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b1 = (1.0f - cosw0) * a0_fact; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b0 = wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b1 * 0.5f; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b2 = wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b0; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_a2 = (1.0f - alpha) * a0_fact; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_a1 = -2.0f * cosw0 * a0_fact; cannam@124: } cannam@124: break; cannam@124: cannam@124: case State_kPreDecay: cannam@124: /* Reset biquad state */ cannam@124: memset(wave->wave_bq_left, 0, 2 * sizeof(float)); cannam@124: memset(wave->wave_bq_right, 0, 2 * sizeof(float)); cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_state = State_kDecay; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Deliberate fall-through */ cannam@124: cannam@124: case State_kDecay: cannam@124: targetLevel = noOfFrames * wave->wave_decay_incr + wave->wave_envelope_level; cannam@124: if (targetLevel < 0.001f) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* < -60 dB, we're done */ cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_state = 3; cannam@124: retval = 1; cannam@124: } cannam@124: /* Calculate highpass biquad coeffs cannam@124: cannam@124: alpha = sin(w0)/(2*Q) cannam@124: cannam@124: b0 = (1 + cos(w0))/2 cannam@124: b1 = -(1 + cos(w0)) cannam@124: b2 = (1 + cos(w0))/2 cannam@124: a0 = 1 + alpha cannam@124: a1 = -2*cos(w0) cannam@124: a2 = 1 - alpha cannam@124: cannam@124: w0 = [0 - pi/2[ cannam@124: */ cannam@124: { cannam@124: const float v = targetLevel / wave->wave_envelope_max_level; cannam@124: const float w0 = 1.5707963f * (1.0f - (v*v)); cannam@124: const float alpha = sinf(w0) * one_over_2Q_HP; cannam@124: const float cosw0 = cosf(w0); cannam@124: const float a0_fact = 1.0f / (1.0f + alpha); cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b1 = (float)(- (1 + cosw0) * a0_fact); cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b0 = -wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b1 * 0.5f; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b2 = wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_b0; cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_a2 = (float)((1.0 - alpha) * a0_fact); cannam@124: wave->wave_bq_coeffs.bq_a1 = (float)(-2.0 * cosw0 * a0_fact); cannam@124: } cannam@124: break; cannam@124: cannam@124: default: cannam@124: break; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: currentLevel = wave->wave_envelope_level; cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_level = targetLevel; cannam@124: levelIncr = (targetLevel - currentLevel) / noOfFrames; cannam@124: cannam@124: for (i = 0; i < noOfFrames; ++i, currentLevel += levelIncr) cannam@124: { cannam@124: (*output++) += ProcessBiquad(&wave->wave_bq_coeffs, wave->wave_bq_left, (GeneratePinkNoise(&wave->wave_left))) * currentLevel * wave->wave_pan_left; cannam@124: (*output++) += ProcessBiquad(&wave->wave_bq_coeffs, wave->wave_bq_right, (GeneratePinkNoise(&wave->wave_right))) * currentLevel * wave->wave_pan_right; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: return retval; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: cannam@124: /*******************************************************************/ cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Context for callback routine. */ cannam@124: typedef struct cannam@124: { cannam@124: OceanWave* waves[16]; /* Maximum 16 waves */ cannam@124: unsigned noOfActiveWaves; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Ring buffer (FIFO) for "communicating" towards audio callback */ cannam@124: PaUtilRingBuffer rBufToRT; cannam@124: void* rBufToRTData; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Ring buffer (FIFO) for "communicating" from audio callback */ cannam@124: PaUtilRingBuffer rBufFromRT; cannam@124: void* rBufFromRTData; cannam@124: } cannam@124: paTestData; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* This routine will be called by the PortAudio engine when audio is needed. cannam@124: ** It may called at interrupt level on some machines so don't do anything cannam@124: ** that could mess up the system like calling malloc() or free(). cannam@124: */ cannam@124: static int patestCallback(const void* inputBuffer, cannam@124: void* outputBuffer, cannam@124: unsigned long framesPerBuffer, cannam@124: const PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo* timeInfo, cannam@124: PaStreamCallbackFlags statusFlags, cannam@124: void* userData) cannam@124: { cannam@124: int i; cannam@124: paTestData *data = (paTestData*)userData; cannam@124: float *out = (float*)outputBuffer; cannam@124: (void) inputBuffer; /* Prevent "unused variable" warnings. */ cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Reset output data first */ cannam@124: memset(out, 0, framesPerBuffer * 2 * sizeof(float)); cannam@124: cannam@124: for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* Consume the input queue */ cannam@124: if (data->waves[i] == 0 && PaUtil_GetRingBufferReadAvailable(&data->rBufToRT)) cannam@124: { cannam@124: OceanWave* ptr = 0; cannam@124: PaUtil_ReadRingBuffer(&data->rBufToRT, &ptr, 1); cannam@124: data->waves[i] = ptr; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: if (data->waves[i] != 0) cannam@124: { cannam@124: if (GenerateWave(data->waves[i], out, framesPerBuffer)) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* If wave is "done", post it back to the main thread for deletion */ cannam@124: PaUtil_WriteRingBuffer(&data->rBufFromRT, &data->waves[i], 1); cannam@124: data->waves[i] = 0; cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: return paContinue; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: #define NEW_ROW_SIZE (12 + (8*rand())/RAND_MAX) cannam@124: cannam@124: OceanWave* InitializeWave(double SR, float attackInSeconds, float maxLevel, float positionLeftRight) cannam@124: { cannam@124: OceanWave* wave = NULL; cannam@124: static unsigned lastNoOfRows = 12; cannam@124: unsigned newNoOfRows; cannam@124: cannam@124: wave = (OceanWave*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(OceanWave)); cannam@124: if (wave != NULL) cannam@124: { cannam@124: InitializePinkNoise(&wave->wave_left, lastNoOfRows); cannam@124: while ((newNoOfRows = NEW_ROW_SIZE) == lastNoOfRows); cannam@124: InitializePinkNoise(&wave->wave_right, newNoOfRows); cannam@124: lastNoOfRows = newNoOfRows; cannam@124: cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_state = State_kAttack; cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_level = 0.f; cannam@124: wave->wave_envelope_max_level = maxLevel; cannam@124: wave->wave_attack_incr = wave->wave_envelope_max_level / (attackInSeconds * (float)SR); cannam@124: wave->wave_decay_incr = - wave->wave_envelope_max_level / (attackInSeconds * 4 * (float)SR); cannam@124: cannam@124: wave->wave_pan_left = sqrtf(1.0 - positionLeftRight); cannam@124: wave->wave_pan_right = sqrtf(positionLeftRight); cannam@124: } cannam@124: return wave; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: static float GenerateFloatRandom(float minValue, float maxValue) cannam@124: { cannam@124: return minValue + ((maxValue - minValue) * rand()) / RAND_MAX; cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: /*******************************************************************/ cannam@124: int main(void); cannam@124: int main(void) cannam@124: { cannam@124: PaStream* stream; cannam@124: PaError err; cannam@124: paTestData data = {0}; cannam@124: PaStreamParameters outputParameters; cannam@124: double tstamp; cannam@124: double tstart; cannam@124: double tdelta = 0; cannam@124: static const double SR = 44100.0; cannam@124: static const int FPB = 128; /* Frames per buffer: 2.9 ms buffers. */ cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Initialize communication buffers (queues) */ cannam@124: data.rBufToRTData = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(OceanWave*) * 256); cannam@124: if (data.rBufToRTData == NULL) cannam@124: { cannam@124: return 1; cannam@124: } cannam@124: PaUtil_InitializeRingBuffer(&data.rBufToRT, sizeof(OceanWave*), 256, data.rBufToRTData); cannam@124: cannam@124: data.rBufFromRTData = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(OceanWave*) * 256); cannam@124: if (data.rBufFromRTData == NULL) cannam@124: { cannam@124: return 1; cannam@124: } cannam@124: PaUtil_InitializeRingBuffer(&data.rBufFromRT, sizeof(OceanWave*), 256, data.rBufFromRTData); cannam@124: cannam@124: err = Pa_Initialize(); cannam@124: if( err != paNoError ) goto error; cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Open a stereo PortAudio stream so we can hear the result. */ cannam@124: outputParameters.device = Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice(); /* Take the default output device. */ cannam@124: if (outputParameters.device == paNoDevice) { cannam@124: fprintf(stderr,"Error: No default output device.\n"); cannam@124: goto error; cannam@124: } cannam@124: outputParameters.channelCount = 2; /* Stereo output, most likely supported. */ cannam@124: outputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = NULL; cannam@124: outputParameters.sampleFormat = paFloat32; /* 32 bit floating point output. */ cannam@124: outputParameters.suggestedLatency = Pa_GetDeviceInfo(outputParameters.device)->defaultLowOutputLatency; cannam@124: err = Pa_OpenStream(&stream, cannam@124: NULL, /* No input. */ cannam@124: &outputParameters, cannam@124: SR, /* Sample rate. */ cannam@124: FPB, /* Frames per buffer. */ cannam@124: paDitherOff, /* Clip but don't dither */ cannam@124: patestCallback, cannam@124: &data); cannam@124: if( err != paNoError ) goto error; cannam@124: cannam@124: err = Pa_StartStream( stream ); cannam@124: if( err != paNoError ) goto error; cannam@124: cannam@124: printf("Stereo \"ocean waves\" for one minute...\n"); cannam@124: cannam@124: tstart = PaUtil_GetTime(); cannam@124: tstamp = tstart; cannam@124: srand( (unsigned)time(NULL) ); cannam@124: cannam@124: while( ( err = Pa_IsStreamActive( stream ) ) == 1 ) cannam@124: { cannam@124: const double tcurrent = PaUtil_GetTime(); cannam@124: cannam@124: /* Delete "waves" that the callback is finished with */ cannam@124: while (PaUtil_GetRingBufferReadAvailable(&data.rBufFromRT) > 0) cannam@124: { cannam@124: OceanWave* ptr = 0; cannam@124: PaUtil_ReadRingBuffer(&data.rBufFromRT, &ptr, 1); cannam@124: if (ptr != 0) cannam@124: { cannam@124: printf("Wave is deleted...\n"); cannam@124: PaUtil_FreeMemory(ptr); cannam@124: --data.noOfActiveWaves; cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: if (tcurrent - tstart < 60.0) /* Only start new "waves" during one minute */ cannam@124: { cannam@124: if (tcurrent >= tstamp) cannam@124: { cannam@124: double tdelta = GenerateFloatRandom(1.0f, 4.0f); cannam@124: tstamp += tdelta; cannam@124: cannam@124: if (data.noOfActiveWaves<16) cannam@124: { cannam@124: const float attackTime = GenerateFloatRandom(2.0f, 6.0f); cannam@124: const float level = GenerateFloatRandom(0.1f, 1.0f); cannam@124: const float pos = GenerateFloatRandom(0.0f, 1.0f); cannam@124: OceanWave* p = InitializeWave(SR, attackTime, level, pos); cannam@124: if (p != NULL) cannam@124: { cannam@124: /* Post wave to audio callback */ cannam@124: PaUtil_WriteRingBuffer(&data.rBufToRT, &p, 1); cannam@124: ++data.noOfActiveWaves; cannam@124: cannam@124: printf("Starting wave at level = %.2f, attack = %.2lf, pos = %.2lf\n", level, attackTime, pos); cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: else cannam@124: { cannam@124: if (data.noOfActiveWaves == 0) cannam@124: { cannam@124: printf("All waves finished!\n"); cannam@124: break; cannam@124: } cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: Pa_Sleep(100); cannam@124: } cannam@124: if( err < 0 ) goto error; cannam@124: cannam@124: err = Pa_CloseStream( stream ); cannam@124: if( err != paNoError ) goto error; cannam@124: cannam@124: if (data.rBufToRTData) cannam@124: { cannam@124: PaUtil_FreeMemory(data.rBufToRTData); cannam@124: } cannam@124: if (data.rBufFromRTData) cannam@124: { cannam@124: PaUtil_FreeMemory(data.rBufFromRTData); cannam@124: } cannam@124: cannam@124: Pa_Sleep(1000); cannam@124: cannam@124: Pa_Terminate(); cannam@124: return 0; cannam@124: cannam@124: error: cannam@124: Pa_Terminate(); cannam@124: fprintf( stderr, "An error occured while using the portaudio stream\n" ); cannam@124: fprintf( stderr, "Error number: %d\n", err ); cannam@124: fprintf( stderr, "Error message: %s\n", Pa_GetErrorText( err ) ); cannam@124: return 0; cannam@124: }