Chris@43: ;uInt longest_match_x64( Chris@43: ; deflate_state *s, Chris@43: ; IPos cur_match); /* current match */ Chris@43: Chris@43: ; gvmat64.asm -- Asm portion of the optimized longest_match for 32 bits x86_64 Chris@43: ; (AMD64 on Athlon 64, Opteron, Phenom Chris@43: ; and Intel EM64T on Pentium 4 with EM64T, Pentium D, Core 2 Duo, Core I5/I7) Chris@43: ; Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jean-loup Gailly, Brian Raiter and Gilles Vollant. Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; File written by Gilles Vollant, by converting to assembly the longest_match Chris@43: ; from Jean-loup Gailly in deflate.c of zLib and infoZip zip. Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; and by taking inspiration on asm686 with masm, optimised assembly code Chris@43: ; from Brian Raiter, written 1998 Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied Chris@43: ; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages Chris@43: ; arising from the use of this software. Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, Chris@43: ; including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it Chris@43: ; freely, subject to the following restrictions: Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not Chris@43: ; claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software Chris@43: ; in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be Chris@43: ; appreciated but is not required. Chris@43: ; 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be Chris@43: ; misrepresented as being the original software Chris@43: ; 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; http://www.zlib.net Chris@43: ; http://www.winimage.com/zLibDll Chris@43: ; http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/software/assembly.html Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; to compile this file for infozip Zip, I use option: Chris@43: ; ml64.exe /Flgvmat64 /c /Zi /DINFOZIP gvmat64.asm Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; to compile this file for zLib, I use option: Chris@43: ; ml64.exe /Flgvmat64 /c /Zi gvmat64.asm Chris@43: ; Be carrefull to adapt zlib1222add below to your version of zLib Chris@43: ; (if you use a version of zLib before 1.0.4 or after 1.2.2.2, change Chris@43: ; value of zlib1222add later) Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; This file compile with Microsoft Macro Assembler (x64) for AMD64 Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; ml64.exe is given with Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 and Windows WDK Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; (you can get Windows WDK with ml64 for AMD64 from Chris@43: ; http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/Devtools/wdk/default.mspx for low price) Chris@43: ; Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;uInt longest_match(s, cur_match) Chris@43: ; deflate_state *s; Chris@43: ; IPos cur_match; /* current match */ Chris@43: .code Chris@43: longest_match PROC Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;LocalVarsSize equ 88 Chris@43: LocalVarsSize equ 72 Chris@43: Chris@43: ; register used : rax,rbx,rcx,rdx,rsi,rdi,r8,r9,r10,r11,r12 Chris@43: ; free register : r14,r15 Chris@43: ; register can be saved : rsp Chris@43: Chris@43: chainlenwmask equ rsp + 8 - LocalVarsSize ; high word: current chain len Chris@43: ; low word: s->wmask Chris@43: ;window equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; local copy of s->window ; stored in r10 Chris@43: ;windowbestlen equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; s->window + bestlen , use r10+r11 Chris@43: ;scanstart equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; first two bytes of string ; stored in r12w Chris@43: ;scanend equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; last two bytes of string use ebx Chris@43: ;scanalign equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; dword-misalignment of string r13 Chris@43: ;bestlen equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; size of best match so far -> r11d Chris@43: ;scan equ rsp + xx - LocalVarsSize ; ptr to string wanting match -> r9 Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: nicematch equ (rsp + 16 - LocalVarsSize) ; a good enough match size Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: Chris@43: save_rdi equ rsp + 24 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: save_rsi equ rsp + 32 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: save_rbx equ rsp + 40 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: save_rbp equ rsp + 48 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: save_r12 equ rsp + 56 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: save_r13 equ rsp + 64 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: ;save_r14 equ rsp + 72 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: ;save_r15 equ rsp + 80 - LocalVarsSize Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ; summary of register usage Chris@43: ; scanend ebx Chris@43: ; scanendw bx Chris@43: ; chainlenwmask edx Chris@43: ; curmatch rsi Chris@43: ; curmatchd esi Chris@43: ; windowbestlen r8 Chris@43: ; scanalign r9 Chris@43: ; scanalignd r9d Chris@43: ; window r10 Chris@43: ; bestlen r11 Chris@43: ; bestlend r11d Chris@43: ; scanstart r12d Chris@43: ; scanstartw r12w Chris@43: ; scan r13 Chris@43: ; nicematch r14d Chris@43: ; limit r15 Chris@43: ; limitd r15d Chris@43: ; prev rcx Chris@43: Chris@43: ; all the +4 offsets are due to the addition of pending_buf_size (in zlib Chris@43: ; in the deflate_state structure since the asm code was first written Chris@43: ; (if you compile with zlib 1.0.4 or older, remove the +4). Chris@43: ; Note : these value are good with a 8 bytes boundary pack structure Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: MAX_MATCH equ 258 Chris@43: MIN_MATCH equ 3 Chris@43: MIN_LOOKAHEAD equ (MAX_MATCH+MIN_MATCH+1) Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Offsets for fields in the deflate_state structure. These numbers Chris@43: ;;; are calculated from the definition of deflate_state, with the Chris@43: ;;; assumption that the compiler will dword-align the fields. (Thus, Chris@43: ;;; changing the definition of deflate_state could easily cause this Chris@43: ;;; program to crash horribly, without so much as a warning at Chris@43: ;;; compile time. Sigh.) Chris@43: Chris@43: ; all the +zlib1222add offsets are due to the addition of fields Chris@43: ; in zlib in the deflate_state structure since the asm code was first written Chris@43: ; (if you compile with zlib 1.0.4 or older, use "zlib1222add equ (-4)"). Chris@43: ; (if you compile with zlib between 1.0.5 and 1.2.2.1, use "zlib1222add equ 0"). Chris@43: ; if you compile with zlib 1.2.2.2 or later , use "zlib1222add equ 8"). Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: Chris@43: _DATA SEGMENT Chris@43: COMM window_size:DWORD Chris@43: ; WMask ; 7fff Chris@43: COMM window:BYTE:010040H Chris@43: COMM prev:WORD:08000H Chris@43: ; MatchLen : unused Chris@43: ; PrevMatch : unused Chris@43: COMM strstart:DWORD Chris@43: COMM match_start:DWORD Chris@43: ; Lookahead : ignore Chris@43: COMM prev_length:DWORD ; PrevLen Chris@43: COMM max_chain_length:DWORD Chris@43: COMM good_match:DWORD Chris@43: COMM nice_match:DWORD Chris@43: prev_ad equ OFFSET prev Chris@43: window_ad equ OFFSET window Chris@43: nicematch equ nice_match Chris@43: _DATA ENDS Chris@43: WMask equ 07fffh Chris@43: Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: Chris@43: IFNDEF zlib1222add Chris@43: zlib1222add equ 8 Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: dsWSize equ 56+zlib1222add+(zlib1222add/2) Chris@43: dsWMask equ 64+zlib1222add+(zlib1222add/2) Chris@43: dsWindow equ 72+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsPrev equ 88+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsMatchLen equ 128+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsPrevMatch equ 132+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsStrStart equ 140+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsMatchStart equ 144+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsLookahead equ 148+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsPrevLen equ 152+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsMaxChainLen equ 156+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsGoodMatch equ 172+zlib1222add Chris@43: dsNiceMatch equ 176+zlib1222add Chris@43: Chris@43: window_size equ [ rcx + dsWSize] Chris@43: WMask equ [ rcx + dsWMask] Chris@43: window_ad equ [ rcx + dsWindow] Chris@43: prev_ad equ [ rcx + dsPrev] Chris@43: strstart equ [ rcx + dsStrStart] Chris@43: match_start equ [ rcx + dsMatchStart] Chris@43: Lookahead equ [ rcx + dsLookahead] ; 0ffffffffh on infozip Chris@43: prev_length equ [ rcx + dsPrevLen] Chris@43: max_chain_length equ [ rcx + dsMaxChainLen] Chris@43: good_match equ [ rcx + dsGoodMatch] Chris@43: nice_match equ [ rcx + dsNiceMatch] Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: Chris@43: ; parameter 1 in r8(deflate state s), param 2 in rdx (cur match) Chris@43: Chris@43: ; see http://weblogs.asp.net/oldnewthing/archive/2004/01/14/58579.aspx and Chris@43: ; http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/kmarch/hh/kmarch/64bitAMD_8e951dd2-ee77-4728-8702-55ce4b5dd24a.xml.asp Chris@43: ; Chris@43: ; All registers must be preserved across the call, except for Chris@43: ; rax, rcx, rdx, r8, r9, r10, and r11, which are scratch. Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Save registers that the compiler may be using, and adjust esp to Chris@43: ;;; make room for our stack frame. Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Retrieve the function arguments. r8d will hold cur_match Chris@43: ;;; throughout the entire function. edx will hold the pointer to the Chris@43: ;;; deflate_state structure during the function's setup (before Chris@43: ;;; entering the main loop. Chris@43: Chris@43: ; parameter 1 in rcx (deflate_state* s), param 2 in edx -> r8 (cur match) Chris@43: Chris@43: ; this clear high 32 bits of r8, which can be garbage in both r8 and rdx Chris@43: Chris@43: mov [save_rdi],rdi Chris@43: mov [save_rsi],rsi Chris@43: mov [save_rbx],rbx Chris@43: mov [save_rbp],rbp Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: mov r8d,ecx Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: mov r8d,edx Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: mov [save_r12],r12 Chris@43: mov [save_r13],r13 Chris@43: ; mov [save_r14],r14 Chris@43: ; mov [save_r15],r15 Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; uInt wmask = s->w_mask; Chris@43: ;;; unsigned chain_length = s->max_chain_length; Chris@43: ;;; if (s->prev_length >= s->good_match) { Chris@43: ;;; chain_length >>= 2; Chris@43: ;;; } Chris@43: Chris@43: mov edi, prev_length Chris@43: mov esi, good_match Chris@43: mov eax, WMask Chris@43: mov ebx, max_chain_length Chris@43: cmp edi, esi Chris@43: jl LastMatchGood Chris@43: shr ebx, 2 Chris@43: LastMatchGood: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; chainlen is decremented once beforehand so that the function can Chris@43: ;;; use the sign flag instead of the zero flag for the exit test. Chris@43: ;;; It is then shifted into the high word, to make room for the wmask Chris@43: ;;; value, which it will always accompany. Chris@43: Chris@43: dec ebx Chris@43: shl ebx, 16 Chris@43: or ebx, eax Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; on zlib only Chris@43: ;;; if ((uInt)nice_match > s->lookahead) nice_match = s->lookahead; Chris@43: Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: mov [chainlenwmask], ebx Chris@43: ; on infozip nice_match = [nice_match] Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: mov eax, nice_match Chris@43: mov [chainlenwmask], ebx Chris@43: mov r10d, Lookahead Chris@43: cmp r10d, eax Chris@43: cmovnl r10d, eax Chris@43: mov [nicematch],r10d Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; register Bytef *scan = s->window + s->strstart; Chris@43: mov r10, window_ad Chris@43: mov ebp, strstart Chris@43: lea r13, [r10 + rbp] Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Determine how many bytes the scan ptr is off from being Chris@43: ;;; dword-aligned. Chris@43: Chris@43: mov r9,r13 Chris@43: neg r13 Chris@43: and r13,3 Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; IPos limit = s->strstart > (IPos)MAX_DIST(s) ? Chris@43: ;;; s->strstart - (IPos)MAX_DIST(s) : NIL; Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: mov eax,07efah ; MAX_DIST = (WSIZE-MIN_LOOKAHEAD) (0x8000-(3+8+1)) Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: mov eax, window_size Chris@43: sub eax, MIN_LOOKAHEAD Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: xor edi,edi Chris@43: sub ebp, eax Chris@43: Chris@43: mov r11d, prev_length Chris@43: Chris@43: cmovng ebp,edi Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; int best_len = s->prev_length; Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Store the sum of s->window + best_len in esi locally, and in esi. Chris@43: Chris@43: lea rsi,[r10+r11] Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; register ush scan_start = *(ushf*)scan; Chris@43: ;;; register ush scan_end = *(ushf*)(scan+best_len-1); Chris@43: ;;; Posf *prev = s->prev; Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx r12d,word ptr [r9] Chris@43: movzx ebx, word ptr [r9 + r11 - 1] Chris@43: Chris@43: mov rdi, prev_ad Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Jump into the main loop. Chris@43: Chris@43: mov edx, [chainlenwmask] Chris@43: Chris@43: cmp bx,word ptr [rsi + r8 - 1] Chris@43: jz LookupLoopIsZero Chris@43: Chris@43: LookupLoop1: Chris@43: and r8d, edx Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx r8d, word ptr [rdi + r8*2] Chris@43: cmp r8d, ebp Chris@43: jbe LeaveNow Chris@43: sub edx, 00010000h Chris@43: js LeaveNow Chris@43: Chris@43: LoopEntry1: Chris@43: cmp bx,word ptr [rsi + r8 - 1] Chris@43: jz LookupLoopIsZero Chris@43: Chris@43: LookupLoop2: Chris@43: and r8d, edx Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx r8d, word ptr [rdi + r8*2] Chris@43: cmp r8d, ebp Chris@43: jbe LeaveNow Chris@43: sub edx, 00010000h Chris@43: js LeaveNow Chris@43: Chris@43: LoopEntry2: Chris@43: cmp bx,word ptr [rsi + r8 - 1] Chris@43: jz LookupLoopIsZero Chris@43: Chris@43: LookupLoop4: Chris@43: and r8d, edx Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx r8d, word ptr [rdi + r8*2] Chris@43: cmp r8d, ebp Chris@43: jbe LeaveNow Chris@43: sub edx, 00010000h Chris@43: js LeaveNow Chris@43: Chris@43: LoopEntry4: Chris@43: Chris@43: cmp bx,word ptr [rsi + r8 - 1] Chris@43: jnz LookupLoop1 Chris@43: jmp LookupLoopIsZero Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; do { Chris@43: ;;; match = s->window + cur_match; Chris@43: ;;; if (*(ushf*)(match+best_len-1) != scan_end || Chris@43: ;;; *(ushf*)match != scan_start) continue; Chris@43: ;;; [...] Chris@43: ;;; } while ((cur_match = prev[cur_match & wmask]) > limit Chris@43: ;;; && --chain_length != 0); Chris@43: ;;; Chris@43: ;;; Here is the inner loop of the function. The function will spend the Chris@43: ;;; majority of its time in this loop, and majority of that time will Chris@43: ;;; be spent in the first ten instructions. Chris@43: ;;; Chris@43: ;;; Within this loop: Chris@43: ;;; ebx = scanend Chris@43: ;;; r8d = curmatch Chris@43: ;;; edx = chainlenwmask - i.e., ((chainlen << 16) | wmask) Chris@43: ;;; esi = windowbestlen - i.e., (window + bestlen) Chris@43: ;;; edi = prev Chris@43: ;;; ebp = limit Chris@43: Chris@43: LookupLoop: Chris@43: and r8d, edx Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx r8d, word ptr [rdi + r8*2] Chris@43: cmp r8d, ebp Chris@43: jbe LeaveNow Chris@43: sub edx, 00010000h Chris@43: js LeaveNow Chris@43: Chris@43: LoopEntry: Chris@43: Chris@43: cmp bx,word ptr [rsi + r8 - 1] Chris@43: jnz LookupLoop1 Chris@43: LookupLoopIsZero: Chris@43: cmp r12w, word ptr [r10 + r8] Chris@43: jnz LookupLoop1 Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Store the current value of chainlen. Chris@43: mov [chainlenwmask], edx Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Point edi to the string under scrutiny, and esi to the string we Chris@43: ;;; are hoping to match it up with. In actuality, esi and edi are Chris@43: ;;; both pointed (MAX_MATCH_8 - scanalign) bytes ahead, and edx is Chris@43: ;;; initialized to -(MAX_MATCH_8 - scanalign). Chris@43: Chris@43: lea rsi,[r8+r10] Chris@43: mov rdx, 0fffffffffffffef8h; -(MAX_MATCH_8) Chris@43: lea rsi, [rsi + r13 + 0108h] ;MAX_MATCH_8] Chris@43: lea rdi, [r9 + r13 + 0108h] ;MAX_MATCH_8] Chris@43: Chris@43: prefetcht1 [rsi+rdx] Chris@43: prefetcht1 [rdi+rdx] Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Test the strings for equality, 8 bytes at a time. At the end, Chris@43: ;;; adjust rdx so that it is offset to the exact byte that mismatched. Chris@43: ;;; Chris@43: ;;; We already know at this point that the first three bytes of the Chris@43: ;;; strings match each other, and they can be safely passed over before Chris@43: ;;; starting the compare loop. So what this code does is skip over 0-3 Chris@43: ;;; bytes, as much as necessary in order to dword-align the edi Chris@43: ;;; pointer. (rsi will still be misaligned three times out of four.) Chris@43: ;;; Chris@43: ;;; It should be confessed that this loop usually does not represent Chris@43: ;;; much of the total running time. Replacing it with a more Chris@43: ;;; straightforward "rep cmpsb" would not drastically degrade Chris@43: ;;; performance. Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: LoopCmps: Chris@43: mov rax, [rsi + rdx] Chris@43: xor rax, [rdi + rdx] Chris@43: jnz LeaveLoopCmps Chris@43: Chris@43: mov rax, [rsi + rdx + 8] Chris@43: xor rax, [rdi + rdx + 8] Chris@43: jnz LeaveLoopCmps8 Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: mov rax, [rsi + rdx + 8+8] Chris@43: xor rax, [rdi + rdx + 8+8] Chris@43: jnz LeaveLoopCmps16 Chris@43: Chris@43: add rdx,8+8+8 Chris@43: Chris@43: jnz short LoopCmps Chris@43: jmp short LenMaximum Chris@43: LeaveLoopCmps16: add rdx,8 Chris@43: LeaveLoopCmps8: add rdx,8 Chris@43: LeaveLoopCmps: Chris@43: Chris@43: test eax, 0000FFFFh Chris@43: jnz LenLower Chris@43: Chris@43: test eax,0ffffffffh Chris@43: Chris@43: jnz LenLower32 Chris@43: Chris@43: add rdx,4 Chris@43: shr rax,32 Chris@43: or ax,ax Chris@43: jnz LenLower Chris@43: Chris@43: LenLower32: Chris@43: shr eax,16 Chris@43: add rdx,2 Chris@43: LenLower: sub al, 1 Chris@43: adc rdx, 0 Chris@43: ;;; Calculate the length of the match. If it is longer than MAX_MATCH, Chris@43: ;;; then automatically accept it as the best possible match and leave. Chris@43: Chris@43: lea rax, [rdi + rdx] Chris@43: sub rax, r9 Chris@43: cmp eax, MAX_MATCH Chris@43: jge LenMaximum Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; If the length of the match is not longer than the best match we Chris@43: ;;; have so far, then forget it and return to the lookup loop. Chris@43: ;/////////////////////////////////// Chris@43: Chris@43: cmp eax, r11d Chris@43: jg LongerMatch Chris@43: Chris@43: lea rsi,[r10+r11] Chris@43: Chris@43: mov rdi, prev_ad Chris@43: mov edx, [chainlenwmask] Chris@43: jmp LookupLoop Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; s->match_start = cur_match; Chris@43: ;;; best_len = len; Chris@43: ;;; if (len >= nice_match) break; Chris@43: ;;; scan_end = *(ushf*)(scan+best_len-1); Chris@43: Chris@43: LongerMatch: Chris@43: mov r11d, eax Chris@43: mov match_start, r8d Chris@43: cmp eax, [nicematch] Chris@43: jge LeaveNow Chris@43: Chris@43: lea rsi,[r10+rax] Chris@43: Chris@43: movzx ebx, word ptr [r9 + rax - 1] Chris@43: mov rdi, prev_ad Chris@43: mov edx, [chainlenwmask] Chris@43: jmp LookupLoop Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Accept the current string, with the maximum possible length. Chris@43: Chris@43: LenMaximum: Chris@43: mov r11d,MAX_MATCH Chris@43: mov match_start, r8d Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; if ((uInt)best_len <= s->lookahead) return (uInt)best_len; Chris@43: ;;; return s->lookahead; Chris@43: Chris@43: LeaveNow: Chris@43: IFDEF INFOZIP Chris@43: mov eax,r11d Chris@43: ELSE Chris@43: mov eax, Lookahead Chris@43: cmp r11d, eax Chris@43: cmovng eax, r11d Chris@43: ENDIF Chris@43: Chris@43: ;;; Restore the stack and return from whence we came. Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: mov rsi,[save_rsi] Chris@43: mov rdi,[save_rdi] Chris@43: mov rbx,[save_rbx] Chris@43: mov rbp,[save_rbp] Chris@43: mov r12,[save_r12] Chris@43: mov r13,[save_r13] Chris@43: ; mov r14,[save_r14] Chris@43: ; mov r15,[save_r15] Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: ret 0 Chris@43: ; please don't remove this string ! Chris@43: ; Your can freely use gvmat64 in any free or commercial app Chris@43: ; but it is far better don't remove the string in the binary! Chris@43: db 0dh,0ah,"asm686 with masm, optimised assembly code from Brian Raiter, written 1998, converted to amd 64 by Gilles Vollant 2005",0dh,0ah,0 Chris@43: longest_match ENDP Chris@43: Chris@43: match_init PROC Chris@43: ret 0 Chris@43: match_init ENDP Chris@43: Chris@43: Chris@43: END