Chris@82: @node Upgrading from FFTW version 2, Installation and Customization, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran, Top Chris@82: @chapter Upgrading from FFTW version 2 Chris@82: Chris@82: In this chapter, we outline the process for updating codes designed for Chris@82: the older FFTW 2 interface to work with FFTW 3. The interface for FFTW Chris@82: 3 is not backwards-compatible with the interface for FFTW 2 and earlier Chris@82: versions; codes written to use those versions will fail to link with Chris@82: FFTW 3. Nor is it possible to write ``compatibility wrappers'' to Chris@82: bridge the gap (at least not efficiently), because FFTW 3 has different Chris@82: semantics from previous versions. However, upgrading should be a Chris@82: straightforward process because the data formats are identical and the Chris@82: overall style of planning/execution is essentially the same. Chris@82: Chris@82: Unlike FFTW 2, there are no separate header files for real and complex Chris@82: transforms (or even for different precisions) in FFTW 3; all interfaces Chris@82: are defined in the @code{} header file. Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Numeric Types Chris@82: Chris@82: The main difference in data types is that @code{fftw_complex} in FFTW 2 Chris@82: was defined as a @code{struct} with macros @code{c_re} and @code{c_im} Chris@82: for accessing the real/imaginary parts. (This is binary-compatible with Chris@82: FFTW 3 on any machine except perhaps for some older Crays in single Chris@82: precision.) The equivalent macros for FFTW 3 are: Chris@82: Chris@82: @example Chris@82: #define c_re(c) ((c)[0]) Chris@82: #define c_im(c) ((c)[1]) Chris@82: @end example Chris@82: Chris@82: This does not work if you are using the C99 complex type, however, Chris@82: unless you insert a @code{double*} typecast into the above macros Chris@82: (@pxref{Complex numbers}). Chris@82: Chris@82: Also, FFTW 2 had an @code{fftw_real} typedef that was an alias for Chris@82: @code{double} (in double precision). In FFTW 3 you should just use Chris@82: @code{double} (or whatever precision you are employing). Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Plans Chris@82: Chris@82: The major difference between FFTW 2 and FFTW 3 is in the Chris@82: planning/execution division of labor. In FFTW 2, plans were found for a Chris@82: given transform size and type, and then could be applied to @emph{any} Chris@82: arrays and for @emph{any} multiplicity/stride parameters. In FFTW 3, Chris@82: you specify the particular arrays, stride parameters, etcetera when Chris@82: creating the plan, and the plan is then executed for @emph{those} arrays Chris@82: (unless the guru interface is used) and @emph{those} parameters Chris@82: @emph{only}. (FFTW 2 had ``specific planner'' routines that planned for Chris@82: a particular array and stride, but the plan could still be used for Chris@82: other arrays and strides.) That is, much of the information that was Chris@82: formerly specified at execution time is now specified at planning time. Chris@82: Chris@82: Like FFTW 2's specific planner routines, the FFTW 3 planner overwrites Chris@82: the input/output arrays unless you use @code{FFTW_ESTIMATE}. Chris@82: Chris@82: FFTW 2 had separate data types @code{fftw_plan}, @code{fftwnd_plan}, Chris@82: @code{rfftw_plan}, and @code{rfftwnd_plan} for complex and real one- and Chris@82: multi-dimensional transforms, and each type had its own @samp{destroy} Chris@82: function. In FFTW 3, all plans are of type @code{fftw_plan} and all are Chris@82: destroyed by @code{fftw_destroy_plan(plan)}. Chris@82: Chris@82: Where you formerly used @code{fftw_create_plan} and @code{fftw_one} to Chris@82: plan and compute a single 1d transform, you would now use Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_dft_1d} to plan the transform. If you used the generic Chris@82: @code{fftw} function to execute the transform with multiplicity Chris@82: (@code{howmany}) and stride parameters, you would now use the advanced Chris@82: interface @code{fftw_plan_many_dft} to specify those parameters. The Chris@82: plans are now executed with @code{fftw_execute(plan)}, which takes all Chris@82: of its parameters (including the input/output arrays) from the plan. Chris@82: Chris@82: In-place transforms no longer interpret their output argument as scratch Chris@82: space, nor is there an @code{FFTW_IN_PLACE} flag. You simply pass the Chris@82: same pointer for both the input and output arguments. (Previously, the Chris@82: output @code{ostride} and @code{odist} parameters were ignored for Chris@82: in-place transforms; now, if they are specified via the advanced Chris@82: interface, they are significant even in the in-place case, although they Chris@82: should normally equal the corresponding input parameters.) Chris@82: Chris@82: The @code{FFTW_ESTIMATE} and @code{FFTW_MEASURE} flags have the same Chris@82: meaning as before, although the planning time will differ. You may also Chris@82: consider using @code{FFTW_PATIENT}, which is like @code{FFTW_MEASURE} Chris@82: except that it takes more time in order to consider a wider variety of Chris@82: algorithms. Chris@82: Chris@82: For multi-dimensional complex DFTs, instead of @code{fftwnd_create_plan} Chris@82: (or @code{fftw2d_create_plan} or @code{fftw3d_create_plan}), followed by Chris@82: @code{fftwnd_one}, you would use @code{fftw_plan_dft} (or Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_dft_2d} or @code{fftw_plan_dft_3d}). followed by Chris@82: @code{fftw_execute}. If you used @code{fftwnd} to to specify strides Chris@82: etcetera, you would instead specify these via @code{fftw_plan_many_dft}. Chris@82: Chris@82: The analogues to @code{rfftw_create_plan} and @code{rfftw_one} with Chris@82: @code{FFTW_REAL_TO_COMPLEX} or @code{FFTW_COMPLEX_TO_REAL} directions Chris@82: are @code{fftw_plan_r2r_1d} with kind @code{FFTW_R2HC} or Chris@82: @code{FFTW_HC2R}, followed by @code{fftw_execute}. The stride etcetera Chris@82: arguments of @code{rfftw} are now in @code{fftw_plan_many_r2r}. Chris@82: Chris@82: Instead of @code{rfftwnd_create_plan} (or @code{rfftw2d_create_plan} or Chris@82: @code{rfftw3d_create_plan}) followed by Chris@82: @code{rfftwnd_one_real_to_complex} or Chris@82: @code{rfftwnd_one_complex_to_real}, you now use @code{fftw_plan_dft_r2c} Chris@82: (or @code{fftw_plan_dft_r2c_2d} or @code{fftw_plan_dft_r2c_3d}) or Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_dft_c2r} (or @code{fftw_plan_dft_c2r_2d} or Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_dft_c2r_3d}), respectively, followed by Chris@82: @code{fftw_execute}. As usual, the strides etcetera of Chris@82: @code{rfftwnd_real_to_complex} or @code{rfftwnd_complex_to_real} are no Chris@82: specified in the advanced planner routines, Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_many_dft_r2c} or @code{fftw_plan_many_dft_c2r}. Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Wisdom Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 2, you had to supply the @code{FFTW_USE_WISDOM} flag in order to Chris@82: use wisdom; in FFTW 3, wisdom is always used. (You could simulate the Chris@82: FFTW 2 wisdom-less behavior by calling @code{fftw_forget_wisdom} after Chris@82: every planner call.) Chris@82: Chris@82: The FFTW 3 wisdom import/export routines are almost the same as before Chris@82: (although the storage format is entirely different). There is one Chris@82: significant difference, however. In FFTW 2, the import routines would Chris@82: never read past the end of the wisdom, so you could store extra data Chris@82: beyond the wisdom in the same file, for example. In FFTW 3, the Chris@82: file-import routine may read up to a few hundred bytes past the end of Chris@82: the wisdom, so you cannot store other data just beyond it.@footnote{We Chris@82: do our own buffering because GNU libc I/O routines are horribly slow for Chris@82: single-character I/O, apparently for thread-safety reasons (whether you Chris@82: are using threads or not).} Chris@82: Chris@82: Wisdom has been enhanced by additional humility in FFTW 3: whereas FFTW Chris@82: 2 would re-use wisdom for a given transform size regardless of the Chris@82: stride etc., in FFTW 3 wisdom is only used with the strides etc. for Chris@82: which it was created. Unfortunately, this means FFTW 3 has to create Chris@82: new plans from scratch more often than FFTW 2 (in FFTW 2, planning Chris@82: e.g. one transform of size 1024 also created wisdom for all smaller Chris@82: powers of 2, but this no longer occurs). Chris@82: Chris@82: FFTW 3 also has the new routine @code{fftw_import_system_wisdom} to Chris@82: import wisdom from a standard system-wide location. Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Memory allocation Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 3, we recommend allocating your arrays with @code{fftw_malloc} Chris@82: and deallocating them with @code{fftw_free}; this is not required, but Chris@82: allows optimal performance when SIMD acceleration is used. (Those two Chris@82: functions actually existed in FFTW 2, and worked the same way, but were Chris@82: not documented.) Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 2, there were @code{fftw_malloc_hook} and @code{fftw_free_hook} Chris@82: functions that allowed the user to replace FFTW's memory-allocation Chris@82: routines (e.g. to implement different error-handling, since by default Chris@82: FFTW prints an error message and calls @code{exit} to abort the program Chris@82: if @code{malloc} returns @code{NULL}). These hooks are not supported in Chris@82: FFTW 3; those few users who require this functionality can just Chris@82: directly modify the memory-allocation routines in FFTW (they are defined Chris@82: in @code{kernel/alloc.c}). Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Fortran interface Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 2, the subroutine names were obtained by replacing @samp{fftw_} Chris@82: with @samp{fftw_f77}; in FFTW 3, you replace @samp{fftw_} with Chris@82: @samp{dfftw_} (or @samp{sfftw_} or @samp{lfftw_}, depending upon the Chris@82: precision). Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 3, we have begun recommending that you always declare the type Chris@82: used to store plans as @code{integer*8}. (Too many people didn't notice Chris@82: our instruction to switch from @code{integer} to @code{integer*8} for Chris@82: 64-bit machines.) Chris@82: Chris@82: In FFTW 3, we provide a @code{fftw3.f} ``header file'' to include in Chris@82: your code (and which is officially installed on Unix systems). (In FFTW Chris@82: 2, we supplied a @code{fftw_f77.i} file, but it was not installed.) Chris@82: Chris@82: Otherwise, the C-Fortran interface relationship is much the same as it Chris@82: was before (e.g. return values become initial parameters, and Chris@82: multi-dimensional arrays are in column-major order). Unlike FFTW 2, we Chris@82: do provide some support for wisdom import/export in Fortran Chris@82: (@pxref{Wisdom of Fortran?}). Chris@82: Chris@82: @heading Threads Chris@82: Chris@82: Like FFTW 2, only the execution routines are thread-safe. All planner Chris@82: routines, etcetera, should be called by only a single thread at a time Chris@82: (@pxref{Thread safety}). @emph{Unlike} FFTW 2, there is no special Chris@82: @code{FFTW_THREADSAFE} flag for the planner to allow a given plan to be Chris@82: usable by multiple threads in parallel; this is now the case by default. Chris@82: Chris@82: The multi-threaded version of FFTW 2 required you to pass the number of Chris@82: threads each time you execute the transform. The number of threads is Chris@82: now stored in the plan, and is specified before the planner is called by Chris@82: @code{fftw_plan_with_nthreads}. The threads initialization routine used Chris@82: to be called @code{fftw_threads_init} and would return zero on success; Chris@82: the new routine is called @code{fftw_init_threads} and returns zero on Chris@82: failure. @xref{Multi-threaded FFTW}. Chris@82: Chris@82: There is no separate threads header file in FFTW 3; all the function Chris@82: prototypes are in @code{}. However, you still have to link to Chris@82: a separate library (@code{-lfftw3_threads -lfftw3 -lm} on Unix), as well as Chris@82: to the threading library (e.g. POSIX threads on Unix). Chris@82: