annotate src/capnproto-git-20161025/doc/_posts/2013-09-04-capnproto-0.3-python-tools-features.md @ 48:9530b331f8c1

Add Cap'n Proto source

---
layout: post
title: "Cap'n Proto v0.3: Python, tools, new features"
author: kentonv
---

The first release of Cap'n Proto came three months after the project was announced.  The second
release came six weeks after that.  And the third release is three weeks later.  If the pattern
holds, there will be an infinite number of releases before the end of this month.

Version 0.3 is not a paradigm-shifting release, but rather a slew of new features largely made
possible by building on the rewritten compiler from the last release.  Let's go through the
list...

### Python Support!

Thanks to the tireless efforts of contributor [Jason Paryani](https://github.com/jparyani), I can
now comfortably claim that Cap'n Proto supports multiple languages.  [His Python
implementation](http://jparyani.github.io/pycapnp/) wraps the C++ library and exposes
most of its features in a nice, easy-to-use way.

And I have to say, it's _way_ better than the old Python Protobuf implementation that I helped put
together at Google.  Here's why:

* Jason's implementation parses Cap'n Proto schema files at runtime.  There is no need to run a
  compiler to generate code every time you update your schema, as with protobufs.  So, you get
  to use Python the way Python was intended to be used.  In fact, he's hooked into the Python
  import mechanism, so you can basically import a `.capnp` schema file as if it were a `.py`
  module.  It's even convenient to load schema files and play with Cap'n Proto messages from the
  interactive interpreter prompt.
* It's _fast_.  Whereas the Python Protobuf implementation -- which we made the mistake of
  implementing in pure-Python -- is _slow_.  And while technically there is an experimental
  C-extension-based Python Protobuf implementation (which isn't enabled by default due to various
  obscure problems), Jason's Cap'n Proto implementation is faster than that, too.

Go [check it out](http://jparyani.github.io/pycapnp/)!

By the way, there is also a budding [Erlang implementation](http://ecapnp.astekk.se/)
(by Andreas Stenius), and work
continues on [Rust](https://github.com/dwrensha/capnproto-rust) (David Renshaw) and
[Ruby](https://github.com/cstrahan/capnp-ruby) (Charles Strahan) implementations.

### Tools: Cap'n Proto on the Command Line

The `capnp` command-line tool previously served mostly to generate code, via the `capnp compile`
command.  It now additionally supports converting encoded Cap'n Proto messages to a human-readable
text format via `capnp decode`, and converting that format back to binary with `capnp encode`.
These tools are, of course, critical for debugging.

You can also use the new `capnp eval` command to do something interesting: given a schema file and
the name of a constant defined therein, it will print out the value of that constant, or optionally
encode it to binary.  This is more interesting than it sounds because the schema language supports
variable substitution in the definitions of these constants.  This means you can build a large
structure by importing smaller bits from many different files.  This may make it convenient to
use Cap'n Proto schemas as a config format: define your service configuration as a constant in
a schema file, importing bits specific to each client from other files that those clients submit
to you.  Use `capnp eval` to "compile" the whole thing to binary for deployment.  (This has always
been a common use case for Protobuf text format, which doesn't even support variable substitution
or imports.)

Anyway, check out the [full documentation]({{ site.baseurl }}capnp-tool.html) for
more.

### New Features

The core product has been updated as well:

* Support for unnamed [unions]({{ site.baseurl }}language.html#unions) reduces the
  need for noise-words, improving code readability.  Additionally, the syntax for unions has been
  simplified by removing the unnecessary ordinal number.
* [Groups]({{ site.baseurl }}language.html#groups) pair nicely with unions.
* [Constants]({{ site.baseurl }}language.html#constants) are now
  [implemented in C++]({{ site.baseurl }}cxx.html#constants).  Additionally, they
  can now be defined in terms of other constants (variable substitution), as described earlier.
* The schema API and `schema.capnp` have been radically refactored, in particular to take advantage
  of the new union and group features, making the code more readable.
* More and better tests, bug fixes, etc.

### Users!

Some news originating outside of the project itself:

* [Debian Unstable (sid)](http://www.debian.org/releases/sid/) now features
  [a Cap'n Proto package](http://packages.debian.org/sid/capnproto), thanks to
  [Tom Lee](https://github.com/thomaslee).  Of course, since package updates take some time, this
  package is still v0.2.1 as of this writing, but it will be updated to v0.3 soon enough.
* Popular OSX-based text editor [TextMate](http://macromates.com/) now
  [uses Cap'n Proto internally](https://github.com/textmate/textmate/commit/5c02b4ff5cc0c7c319d3d4f127c8ee19b81f80b7),
  and the developer's feedback lead directly to several usability improvements included in this
  release.
* Many people using Cap'n Proto _haven't bothered to tell us about it_!  Please, if you use it,
  [let us know](https://groups.google.com/group/capnproto) about your experience, both what you like
  and especially what you don't like.  This is the critical time where the system is usable but
  can still be changed if it's not right, so your feedback is critical to our long-term success.
* I have revenue!  A whopping [$1.25 per week](https://www.gittip.com/kentonv/)!  >_>  It's
  totally worth it; I love this project.  (But thanks for the tips!)