comparison armadillo-2.4.4/include/armadillo_bits/field_meat.hpp @ 0:8b6102e2a9b0

Armadillo Library

+// Copyright (C) 2008-2011 NICTA (www.nicta.com.au)
+// Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Conrad Sanderson
+// Copyright (C) 2009-2010 Ian Cullinan
+// 
+// This file is part of the Armadillo C++ library.
+// It is provided without any warranty of fitness
+// for any purpose. You can redistribute this file
+// and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License (LGPL) as published
+// by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3
+// of the License or (at your option) any later version.
+// (see http://www.opensource.org/licenses for more info)
+
+
+//! \addtogroup field
+//! @{
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::~field()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
+  
+  delete_objects();
+  
+  if(n_elem > sizeof(mem_local)/sizeof(oT*) )
+    {
+    delete [] mem;
+    }
+  
+  if(arma_config::debug == true)
+    {
+    // try to expose buggy user code that accesses deleted objects
+    access::rw(n_rows) = 0;
+    access::rw(n_cols) = 0;
+    access::rw(n_elem) = 0;
+    mem = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::field()
+  : n_rows(0)
+  , n_cols(0)
+  , n_elem(0)
+  , mem(0)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct a field from a given field
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::field(const field& x)
+  : n_rows(0)
+  , n_cols(0)
+  , n_elem(0)
+  , mem(0)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_boost::format("this = %x   x = %x") % this % &x);
+  
+  init(x);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct a field from a given field
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const field<oT>&
+field<oT>::operator=(const field& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  init(x);
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct a field from subview_field (e.g. construct a field from a delayed subfield operation)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::field(const subview_field<oT>& X)
+  : n_rows(0)
+  , n_cols(0)
+  , n_elem(0)
+  , mem(0)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
+  
+  this->operator=(X);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct a field from subview_field (e.g. construct a field from a delayed subfield operation)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const field<oT>&
+field<oT>::operator=(const subview_field<oT>& X)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  subview_field<oT>::extract(*this, X);
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct the field with the specified number of elements,
+//! assuming a column-major layout
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::field(const uword n_elem_in)
+  : n_rows(0)
+  , n_cols(0)
+  , n_elem(0)
+  , mem(0)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
+  
+  init(n_elem_in, 1);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct the field with the specified dimensions
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::field(const uword n_rows_in, const uword n_cols_in)
+  : n_rows(0)
+  , n_cols(0)
+  , n_elem(0)
+  , mem(0)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint_this(this);
+  
+  init(n_rows_in, n_cols_in);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! change the field to have the specified number of elements,
+//! assuming a column-major layout (data is not preserved)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::set_size(const uword n_elem_in)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_boost::format("n_elem_in = %d") % n_elem_in);
+  
+  init(n_elem_in, 1);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! change the field to have the specified dimensions (data is not preserved)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::set_size(const uword n_rows_in, const uword n_cols_in)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint(arma_boost::format("n_rows_in = %d, n_cols_in = %d") % n_rows_in % n_cols_in);
+  
+  init(n_rows_in, n_cols_in);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! change the field to have the specified dimensions (data is not preserved)
+template<typename oT>
+template<typename oT2>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::copy_size(const field<oT2>& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  init(x.n_rows, x.n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::operator[] (const uword i)
+  {
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+  
+  
+  
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::operator[] (const uword i) const
+  {
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::at(const uword i)
+  {
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+  
+  
+  
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::at(const uword i) const
+  {
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::operator() (const uword i)
+  {
+  arma_debug_check( (i >= n_elem), "field::operator(): index out of bounds");
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+  
+  
+  
+//! linear element accessor (treats the field as a vector); bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::operator() (const uword i) const
+  {
+  arma_debug_check( (i >= n_elem), "field::operator(): index out of bounds");
+  return (*mem[i]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
+  {
+  arma_debug_check( ((in_row >= n_rows) || (in_col >= n_cols)), "field::operator(): index out of bounds");
+  return (*mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! element accessor; bounds checking not done when ARMA_NO_DEBUG is defined
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
+  {
+  arma_debug_check( ((in_row >= n_rows) || (in_col >= n_cols)), "field::operator(): index out of bounds");
+  return (*mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! element accessor; no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col)
+  {
+  return (*mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows]);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! element accessor; no bounds check
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::at(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
+  {
+  return (*mem[in_row + in_col*n_rows]);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field_injector< field<oT> >
+field<oT>::operator<<(const oT& val)
+  {
+  return field_injector< field<oT> >(*this, val);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field_injector< field<oT> >
+field<oT>::operator<<(const injector_end_of_row& x)
+  {
+  return field_injector< field<oT> >(*this, x);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (row of a field)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::row(const uword row_num)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check( (row_num >= n_rows), "field::row(): row out of bounds" );
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, row_num, 0, 1, n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (row of a field)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::row(const uword row_num) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check( (row_num >= n_rows), "field::row(): row out of bounds" );
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, row_num, 0, 1, n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (column of a field)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::col(const uword col_num)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check( (col_num >= n_cols), "field::col(): out of bounds");
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, 0, col_num, n_rows, 1);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (column of a field)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::col(const uword col_num) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check( (col_num >= n_cols), "field::col(): out of bounds");
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, 0, col_num, n_rows, 1);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield comprised of specified rows)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) ),
+    "field::rows(): indicies out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, 0, sub_n_rows, n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield comprised of specified rows)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) ),
+    "field::rows(): indicies out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, 0, sub_n_rows, n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield comprised of specified columns)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols) ),
+    "field::cols(): indicies out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, 0, in_col1, n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield comprised of specified columns)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= n_cols) ),
+    "field::cols(): indicies out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, 0, in_col1, n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield with arbitrary dimensions)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::subfield(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
+    "field::subfield(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  const uword sub_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, sub_n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield with arbitrary dimensions)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::subfield(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    (in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_row2 >= n_rows) || (in_col2 >= n_cols),
+    "field::subfield(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  const uword sub_n_rows = in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  const uword sub_n_cols = in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, sub_n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield with arbitrary dimensions)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::subfield(const span& row_span, const span& col_span)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
+  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
+  
+  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
+  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
+  
+  const uword in_row1    = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
+  const uword in_row2    =                          row_span.b;
+  const uword sub_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  
+  const uword in_col1    = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
+  const uword in_col2    =                          col_span.b;
+  const uword sub_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
+    ||
+    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
+    ,
+    "field::subfield(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, sub_n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! creation of subview_field (subfield with arbitrary dimensions)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::subfield(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  const bool row_all = row_span.whole;
+  const bool col_all = col_span.whole;
+  
+  const uword local_n_rows = n_rows;
+  const uword local_n_cols = n_cols;
+  
+  const uword in_row1    = row_all ? 0            : row_span.a;
+  const uword in_row2    =                          row_span.b;
+  const uword sub_n_rows = row_all ? local_n_rows : in_row2 - in_row1 + 1;
+  
+  const uword in_col1    = col_all ? 0            : col_span.a;
+  const uword in_col2    =                          col_span.b;
+  const uword sub_n_cols = col_all ? local_n_cols : in_col2 - in_col1 + 1;
+  
+  arma_debug_check
+    (
+    ( row_all ? false : ((in_row1 > in_row2) || (in_row2 >= local_n_rows)) )
+    ||
+    ( col_all ? false : ((in_col1 > in_col2) || (in_col2 >= local_n_cols)) )
+    ,
+    "field::subfield(): indices out of bounds or incorrectly used"
+    );
+  
+  return subview_field<oT>(*this, in_row1, in_col1, sub_n_rows, sub_n_cols);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).subfield(row_span, col_span);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const subview_field<oT>
+field<oT>::operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).subfield(row_span, col_span);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! print contents of the field (to the cout stream),
+//! optionally preceding with a user specified line of text.
+//! the field class preserves the stream's flags
+//! but the associated operator<< function for type oT 
+//! may still modify the stream's parameters.
+//! NOTE: this function assumes that type oT can be printed,
+//! i.e. the function "std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, const oT&)"
+//! has been defined.
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::print(const std::string extra_text) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(extra_text.length() != 0)
+    {
+    const std::streamsize orig_width = ARMA_DEFAULT_OSTREAM.width();
+    
+    ARMA_DEFAULT_OSTREAM << extra_text << '\n';
+  
+    ARMA_DEFAULT_OSTREAM.width(orig_width);
+    }
+  
+  arma_ostream::print(ARMA_DEFAULT_OSTREAM, *this);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! print contents of the field to a user specified stream,
+//! optionally preceding with a user specified line of text.
+//! the field class preserves the stream's flags
+//! but the associated operator<< function for type oT 
+//! may still modify the stream's parameters.
+//! NOTE: this function assumes that type oT can be printed,
+//! i.e. the function "std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream&, const oT&)"
+//! has been defined.
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::print(std::ostream& user_stream, const std::string extra_text) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(extra_text.length() != 0)
+    {
+    const std::streamsize orig_width = user_stream.width();
+    
+    user_stream << extra_text << '\n';
+  
+    user_stream.width(orig_width);
+    }
+  
+  arma_ostream::print(user_stream, *this);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! fill the field with an object
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::fill(const oT& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  field<oT>& t = *this;
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    t[i] = x;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+//! reset the field to an empty state (i.e. the field will have no objects)
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::reset()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  init(0,0);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! reset each object
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::reset_objects()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  field_aux::reset_objects(*this);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! returns true if the field has no objects
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+bool
+field<oT>::is_empty() const
+  {
+  return (n_elem == 0);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! returns true if the given index is currently in range
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const uword i) const
+  {
+  return (i < n_elem);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! returns true if the given start and end indices are currently in range
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const span& x) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(x.whole == true)
+    {
+    return true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    const uword a = x.a;
+    const uword b = x.b;
+    
+    return ( (a <= b) && (b < n_elem) );
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+//! returns true if the given location is currently in range
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const
+  {
+  return ( (in_row < n_rows) && (in_col < n_cols) );
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const span& row_span, const uword in_col) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(row_span.whole == true)
+    {
+    return (in_col < n_cols);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    const uword in_row1 = row_span.a;
+    const uword in_row2 = row_span.b;
+    
+    return ( (in_row1 <= in_row2) && (in_row2 < n_rows) && (in_col < n_cols) );
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const uword in_row, const span& col_span) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(col_span.whole == true)
+    {
+    return (in_row < n_rows);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    const uword in_col1 = col_span.a;
+    const uword in_col2 = col_span.b;
+  
+    return ( (in_row < n_rows) && (in_col1 <= in_col2) && (in_col2 < n_cols) );
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+arma_inline
+arma_warn_unused
+bool
+field<oT>::in_range(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  const uword in_row1 = row_span.a;
+  const uword in_row2 = row_span.b;
+  
+  const uword in_col1 = col_span.a;
+  const uword in_col2 = col_span.b;
+  
+  const bool rows_ok = row_span.whole ? true : ( (in_row1 <= in_row2) && (in_row2 < n_rows) );
+  const bool cols_ok = col_span.whole ? true : ( (in_col1 <= in_col2) && (in_col2 < n_cols) );
+  
+  return ( (rows_ok == true) && (cols_ok == true) );
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::save(const std::string name, const file_type type, const bool print_status) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  std::string err_msg;
+  const bool save_okay = field_aux::save(*this, name, type, err_msg);
+  
+  if( (print_status == true) && (save_okay == false) )
+    {
+    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::save(): ", err_msg, name);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::save(): couldn't write to ", name);
+      }
+    }
+  
+  return save_okay;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type, const bool print_status) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  std::string err_msg;
+  const bool save_okay = field_aux::save(*this, os, type, err_msg);
+  
+  if( (print_status == true) && (save_okay == false) )
+    {
+    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::save(): ", err_msg, "[ostream]");
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::save(): couldn't write to [ostream]");
+      }
+    }
+  
+  return save_okay;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::load(const std::string name, const file_type type, const bool print_status)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  std::string err_msg;
+  const bool load_okay = field_aux::load(*this, name, type, err_msg);
+  
+  if( (print_status == true) && (load_okay == false) )
+    {
+    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::load(): ", err_msg, name);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::load(): couldn't read from ", name);
+      }
+    }
+  
+  if(load_okay == false)
+    {
+    (*this).reset();
+    }
+  
+  return load_okay;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::load(std::istream& is, const file_type type, const bool print_status)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  std::string err_msg;
+  const bool load_okay = field_aux::load(*this, is, type, err_msg);
+  
+  if( (print_status == true) && (load_okay == false) )
+    {
+    if(err_msg.length() > 0)
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::load(): ", err_msg, "[istream]");
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      arma_warn(true, "field::load(): couldn't read from [istream]");
+      }
+    }
+  
+  if(load_okay == false)
+    {
+    (*this).reset();
+    }
+  
+  return load_okay;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::quiet_save(const std::string name, const file_type type) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).save(name, type, false);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::quiet_save(std::ostream& os, const file_type type) const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).save(os, type, false);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::quiet_load(const std::string name, const file_type type)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).load(name, type, false);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::quiet_load(std::istream& is, const file_type type)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return (*this).load(is, type, false);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! construct a field from a given field
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::init(const field<oT>& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  if(this != &x)
+    {
+    init(x.n_rows, x.n_cols);
+    
+    field& t = *this;
+    
+    for(uword col=0; col<x.n_cols; ++col)
+    for(uword row=0; row<x.n_rows; ++row)
+      {
+      t.at(row,col) = x.at(row,col);
+      }
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+
+
+//! internal field construction; if the requested size is small enough, memory from the stack is used. otherwise memory is allocated via 'new'
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::init(const uword n_rows_in, const uword n_cols_in)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint( arma_boost::format("n_rows_in = %d, n_cols_in = %d") % n_rows_in % n_cols_in );
+  
+  const uword n_elem_new = n_rows_in * n_cols_in;
+
+  if(n_elem == n_elem_new)
+    {
+    // delete_objects();
+    // create_objects();
+    access::rw(n_rows) = n_rows_in;
+    access::rw(n_cols) = n_cols_in;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    delete_objects();
+    
+    if(n_elem > sizeof(mem_local)/sizeof(oT*) )
+      {
+      delete [] mem;
+      }
+    
+    if(n_elem_new <= sizeof(mem_local)/sizeof(oT*) )
+      {
+      mem = mem_local;
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      mem = new(std::nothrow) oT* [n_elem_new];
+      arma_check_bad_alloc( (mem == 0), "field::init(): out of memory" );
+      }
+    
+    access::rw(n_elem) = n_elem_new;
+    
+    if(n_elem_new == 0)
+      {
+      access::rw(n_rows) = 0;
+      access::rw(n_cols) = 0;
+      }
+    else
+      {
+      access::rw(n_rows) = n_rows_in;
+      access::rw(n_cols) = n_cols_in;
+      }
+    
+    create_objects();
+    
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::delete_objects()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint( arma_boost::format("n_elem = %d") % n_elem );
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    if(mem[i] != 0)
+      {
+      delete mem[i];
+      mem[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::create_objects()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint( arma_boost::format("n_elem = %d") % n_elem );
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    mem[i] = new oT;
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::iterator::iterator(field<oT>& in_M, const bool at_end)
+  : M(in_M)
+  , i( (at_end == false) ? 0 : in_M.n_elem )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+oT&
+field<oT>::iterator::operator*()
+  {
+  return M[i];
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::iterator&
+field<oT>::iterator::operator++()
+  {
+  ++i;
+  
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::iterator::operator++(int)
+  {
+  operator++();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::iterator&
+field<oT>::iterator::operator--()
+  {
+  if(i > 0)
+    {
+    --i;
+    }
+  
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::iterator::operator--(int)
+  {
+  operator--();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::iterator::operator!=(const typename field<oT>::iterator& X) const
+  {
+  return (i != X.i);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::iterator::operator==(const typename field<oT>::iterator& X) const
+  {
+  return (i == X.i);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::const_iterator::const_iterator(const field<oT>& in_M, const bool at_end)
+  : M(in_M)
+  , i( (at_end == false) ? 0 : in_M.n_elem )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+field<oT>::const_iterator::const_iterator(const typename field<oT>::iterator& X)
+  : M(X.M)
+  , i(X.i)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+const oT&
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator*() const
+  {
+  return M[i];
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::const_iterator&
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator++()
+  {
+  ++i;
+  
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator++(int)
+  {
+  operator++();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::const_iterator&
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator--()
+  {
+  if(i > 0)
+    {
+    --i;
+    }
+  
+  return *this;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator--(int)
+  {
+  operator--();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator!=(const typename field<oT>::const_iterator& X) const
+  {
+  return (i != X.i);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field<oT>::const_iterator::operator==(const typename field<oT>::const_iterator& X) const
+  {
+  return (i == X.i);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::iterator
+field<oT>::begin()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return field<oT>::iterator(*this);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::const_iterator
+field<oT>::begin() const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return field<oT>::const_iterator(*this);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::iterator
+field<oT>::end()
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return field<oT>::iterator(*this, true);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+typename field<oT>::const_iterator
+field<oT>::end() const
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  return field<oT>::const_iterator(*this, true);
+  }
+  
+
+
+//
+//
+//
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field<oT>& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  x.delete_objects();
+  x.create_objects();
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field< Mat<eT> >& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<x.n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    (*(x.mem[i])).reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field< Col<eT> >& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<x.n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    (*(x.mem[i])).reset();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  
+  
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field< Row<eT> >& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<x.n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    (*(x.mem[i])).reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field< Cube<eT> >& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<x.n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    (*(x.mem[i])).reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+inline
+void
+field_aux::reset_objects(field< std::string >& x)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  for(uword i=0; i<x.n_elem; ++i)
+    {
+    (*(x.mem[i])).clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+//
+//
+//
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field<oT>& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  err_msg = " [sorry, saving/loading this type of field is currently not supported] filename = ";
+  
+  return false;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field<oT>& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  err_msg = " [sorry, saving/loading this type of field is currently not supported] filename = ";
+  
+  return false;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field<oT>& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  err_msg = " [sorry, saving/loading this type of field is currently not supported] filename = ";
+  
+  return false;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename oT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field<oT>& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  err_msg = " [sorry, saving/loading this type of field is currently not supported] filename = ";
+  
+  return false;
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Mat<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, name);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, name);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Mat<eT> >& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, os);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, os);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Mat<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Mat<eT> >& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Col<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, name);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, name);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Col<eT> >& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, os);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, os);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Col<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Col<eT> >& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Row<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Row<eT> >& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, os, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, os, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Row<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Row<eT> >& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Cube<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< Cube<eT> >& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::save_arma_binary(x, os, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::save_ppm_binary(x, os, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Cube<eT> >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, name, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename eT>
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< Cube<eT> >& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  switch(type)
+    {
+    case auto_detect:
+      return diskio::load_auto_detect(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    case arma_binary:
+      return diskio::load_arma_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+      
+    case ppm_binary:
+      return diskio::load_ppm_binary(x, is, err_msg);
+      break;
+    
+    default:
+      err_msg = " [unsupported type] filename = ";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< std::string >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_ignore(type);
+  
+  err_msg.clear();
+  
+  return diskio::save_std_string(x, name);
+  }
+
+
+
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::save(const field< std::string >& x, std::ostream& os, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_ignore(type);
+  
+  err_msg.clear();
+  
+  return diskio::save_std_string(x, os);
+  }
+
+
+
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< std::string >& x, const std::string& name, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_ignore(type);
+  
+  return diskio::load_std_string(x, name, err_msg);
+  }
+
+
+
+inline
+bool
+field_aux::load(field< std::string >& x, std::istream& is, const file_type type, std::string& err_msg)
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  
+  arma_ignore(type);
+  
+  return diskio::load_std_string(x, is, err_msg);
+  }
+
+
+
+#ifdef ARMA_EXTRA_FIELD_MEAT
+  #include ARMA_INCFILE_WRAP(ARMA_EXTRA_FIELD_MEAT)
+#endif
+
+
+
+//! @}