matthiasm@0: #include "YinUtil.h" matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: #include matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: #include matthiasm@0: #include matthiasm@0: #include matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: #include matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: void matthiasm@0: YinUtil::fastDifference(const double *in, double *yinBuffer, const size_t yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // DECLARE AND INITIALISE matthiasm@0: // initialisation of most of the arrays here was done in a separate function, matthiasm@0: // with all the arrays as members of the class... moved them back here. matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: size_t frameSize = 2 * yinBufferSize; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < yinBufferSize; ++j) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: yinBuffer[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: double *audioTransformedReal = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *audioTransformedImag = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *nullImag = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *kernel = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *kernelTransformedReal = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *kernelTransformedImag = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *yinStyleACFReal = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *yinStyleACFImag = new double[frameSize]; matthiasm@0: double *powerTerms = new double[yinBufferSize]; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < yinBufferSize; ++j) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: powerTerms[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < frameSize; ++j) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: nullImag[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: audioTransformedReal[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: audioTransformedImag[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: kernel[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: kernelTransformedReal[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: kernelTransformedImag[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: yinStyleACFReal[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: yinStyleACFImag[j] = 0.; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // POWER TERM CALCULATION matthiasm@0: // ... for the power terms in equation (7) in the Yin paper matthiasm@0: powerTerms[0] = 0.0; matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < yinBufferSize; ++j) { matthiasm@0: powerTerms[0] += in[j] * in[j]; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // now iteratively calculate all others (saves a few multiplications) matthiasm@0: for (size_t tau = 1; tau < yinBufferSize; ++tau) { matthiasm@0: powerTerms[tau] = powerTerms[tau-1] - in[tau-1] * in[tau-1] + in[tau+yinBufferSize] * in[tau+yinBufferSize]; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // YIN-STYLE AUTOCORRELATION via FFT matthiasm@0: // 1. data matthiasm@0: Vamp::FFT::forward(frameSize, in, nullImag, audioTransformedReal, audioTransformedImag); matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // 2. half of the data, disguised as a convolution kernel matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < yinBufferSize; ++j) { matthiasm@0: kernel[j] = in[yinBufferSize-1-j]; matthiasm@0: kernel[j+yinBufferSize] = 0; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: Vamp::FFT::forward(frameSize, kernel, nullImag, kernelTransformedReal, kernelTransformedImag); matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // 3. convolution via complex multiplication -- written into matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < frameSize; ++j) { matthiasm@0: yinStyleACFReal[j] = audioTransformedReal[j]*kernelTransformedReal[j] - audioTransformedImag[j]*kernelTransformedImag[j]; // real matthiasm@0: yinStyleACFImag[j] = audioTransformedReal[j]*kernelTransformedImag[j] + audioTransformedImag[j]*kernelTransformedReal[j]; // imaginary matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: Vamp::FFT::inverse(frameSize, yinStyleACFReal, yinStyleACFImag, audioTransformedReal, audioTransformedImag); matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // CALCULATION OF difference function matthiasm@0: // ... according to (7) in the Yin paper. matthiasm@0: for (size_t j = 0; j < yinBufferSize; ++j) { matthiasm@0: // taking only the real part matthiasm@0: yinBuffer[j] = powerTerms[0] + powerTerms[j] - 2 * audioTransformedReal[j+yinBufferSize-1]; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: delete [] audioTransformedReal; matthiasm@0: delete [] audioTransformedImag; matthiasm@0: delete [] nullImag; matthiasm@0: delete [] kernel; matthiasm@0: delete [] kernelTransformedReal; matthiasm@0: delete [] kernelTransformedImag; matthiasm@0: delete [] yinStyleACFReal; matthiasm@0: delete [] yinStyleACFImag; matthiasm@0: delete [] powerTerms; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: void matthiasm@0: YinUtil::cumulativeDifference(double *yinBuffer, const size_t yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: size_t tau; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: yinBuffer[0] = 1; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: double runningSum = 0; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: for (tau = 1; tau < yinBufferSize; ++tau) { matthiasm@0: runningSum += yinBuffer[tau]; matthiasm@0: if (runningSum == 0) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: yinBuffer[tau] = 1; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: yinBuffer[tau] *= tau / runningSum; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: int matthiasm@0: YinUtil::absoluteThreshold(const double *yinBuffer, const size_t yinBufferSize, const double thresh) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: size_t tau; matthiasm@0: size_t minTau = 0; matthiasm@0: double minVal = 1000.; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // using Joren Six's "loop construct" from TarsosDSP matthiasm@0: tau = 2; matthiasm@0: while (tau < yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] < thresh) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: while (tau+1 < yinBufferSize && yinBuffer[tau+1] < yinBuffer[tau]) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: ++tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: return tau; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] < minVal) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: minVal = yinBuffer[tau]; matthiasm@0: minTau = tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: ++tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: if (minTau > 0) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: return -minTau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: return 0; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: std::vector matthiasm@0: YinUtil::yinProb(const double *yinBuffer, const size_t prior, const size_t yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: double minWeight = 0.01; matthiasm@0: size_t tau; matthiasm@0: std::vector thresholds; matthiasm@0: std::vector distribution; matthiasm@0: std::vector peakProb = std::vector(yinBufferSize); matthiasm@1: // TODO: make the distributions below part of a class, so they don't have to matthiasm@1: // be allocated every time. matthiasm@0: float uniformDist[100] = {0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000,0.0100000}; matthiasm@0: float betaDist1[100] = {0.028911,0.048656,0.061306,0.068539,0.071703,0.071877,0.069915,0.066489,0.062117,0.057199,0.052034,0.046844,0.041786,0.036971,0.032470,0.028323,0.024549,0.021153,0.018124,0.015446,0.013096,0.011048,0.009275,0.007750,0.006445,0.005336,0.004397,0.003606,0.002945,0.002394,0.001937,0.001560,0.001250,0.000998,0.000792,0.000626,0.000492,0.000385,0.000300,0.000232,0.000179,0.000137,0.000104,0.000079,0.000060,0.000045,0.000033,0.000024,0.000018,0.000013,0.000009,0.000007,0.000005,0.000003,0.000002,0.000002,0.000001,0.000001,0.000001,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}; matthiasm@0: float betaDist2[100] = {0.012614,0.022715,0.030646,0.036712,0.041184,0.044301,0.046277,0.047298,0.047528,0.047110,0.046171,0.044817,0.043144,0.041231,0.039147,0.036950,0.034690,0.032406,0.030133,0.027898,0.025722,0.023624,0.021614,0.019704,0.017900,0.016205,0.014621,0.013148,0.011785,0.010530,0.009377,0.008324,0.007366,0.006497,0.005712,0.005005,0.004372,0.003806,0.003302,0.002855,0.002460,0.002112,0.001806,0.001539,0.001307,0.001105,0.000931,0.000781,0.000652,0.000542,0.000449,0.000370,0.000303,0.000247,0.000201,0.000162,0.000130,0.000104,0.000082,0.000065,0.000051,0.000039,0.000030,0.000023,0.000018,0.000013,0.000010,0.000007,0.000005,0.000004,0.000003,0.000002,0.000001,0.000001,0.000001,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}; matthiasm@0: float betaDist3[100] = {0.006715,0.012509,0.017463,0.021655,0.025155,0.028031,0.030344,0.032151,0.033506,0.034458,0.035052,0.035331,0.035332,0.035092,0.034643,0.034015,0.033234,0.032327,0.031314,0.030217,0.029054,0.027841,0.026592,0.025322,0.024042,0.022761,0.021489,0.020234,0.019002,0.017799,0.016630,0.015499,0.014409,0.013362,0.012361,0.011407,0.010500,0.009641,0.008830,0.008067,0.007351,0.006681,0.006056,0.005475,0.004936,0.004437,0.003978,0.003555,0.003168,0.002814,0.002492,0.002199,0.001934,0.001695,0.001481,0.001288,0.001116,0.000963,0.000828,0.000708,0.000603,0.000511,0.000431,0.000361,0.000301,0.000250,0.000206,0.000168,0.000137,0.000110,0.000088,0.000070,0.000055,0.000043,0.000033,0.000025,0.000019,0.000014,0.000010,0.000007,0.000005,0.000004,0.000002,0.000002,0.000001,0.000001,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}; matthiasm@0: float betaDist4[100] = {0.003996,0.007596,0.010824,0.013703,0.016255,0.018501,0.020460,0.022153,0.023597,0.024809,0.025807,0.026607,0.027223,0.027671,0.027963,0.028114,0.028135,0.028038,0.027834,0.027535,0.027149,0.026687,0.026157,0.025567,0.024926,0.024240,0.023517,0.022763,0.021983,0.021184,0.020371,0.019548,0.018719,0.017890,0.017062,0.016241,0.015428,0.014627,0.013839,0.013068,0.012315,0.011582,0.010870,0.010181,0.009515,0.008874,0.008258,0.007668,0.007103,0.006565,0.006053,0.005567,0.005107,0.004673,0.004264,0.003880,0.003521,0.003185,0.002872,0.002581,0.002312,0.002064,0.001835,0.001626,0.001434,0.001260,0.001102,0.000959,0.000830,0.000715,0.000612,0.000521,0.000440,0.000369,0.000308,0.000254,0.000208,0.000169,0.000136,0.000108,0.000084,0.000065,0.000050,0.000037,0.000027,0.000019,0.000014,0.000009,0.000006,0.000004,0.000002,0.000001,0.000001,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}; matthiasm@0: float single10[100] = {0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,1.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000}; matthiasm@0: float single15[100] = {0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,1.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000}; matthiasm@0: float single20[100] = {0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,1.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000,0.00000}; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: size_t nThreshold = 100; matthiasm@0: int nThresholdInt = nThreshold; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: for (int i = 0; i < nThresholdInt; ++i) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: switch (prior) { matthiasm@0: case 0: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(uniformDist[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 1: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(betaDist1[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 2: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(betaDist2[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 3: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(betaDist3[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 4: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(betaDist4[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 5: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(single10[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 6: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(single15[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: case 7: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(single20[i]); matthiasm@0: break; matthiasm@0: default: matthiasm@0: distribution.push_back(uniformDist[i]); matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: thresholds.push_back(0.01 + i*0.01); matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // double minYin = 2936; matthiasm@0: // for (size_t i = 2; i < yinBufferSize; ++i) matthiasm@0: // { matthiasm@0: // if (yinBuffer[i] < minYin) matthiasm@0: // { matthiasm@0: // minYin = yinBuffer[i]; matthiasm@0: // } matthiasm@0: // } matthiasm@0: // if (minYin < 0.01) std::cerr << "min Yin buffer element: " << minYin << std::endl; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: int currThreshInd = nThreshold-1; matthiasm@0: tau = 2; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // double factor = 1.0 / (0.25 * (nThresholdInt+1) * (nThresholdInt + 1)); // factor to scale down triangular weight matthiasm@0: size_t minInd = 0; matthiasm@0: float minVal = 42.f; matthiasm@0: while (currThreshInd != -1 && tau < yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] < thresholds[currThreshInd]) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: while (tau + 1 < yinBufferSize && yinBuffer[tau+1] < yinBuffer[tau]) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: tau++; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: // tau is now local minimum matthiasm@0: // std::cerr << tau << " " << currThreshInd << " "<< thresholds[currThreshInd] << " " << distribution[currThreshInd] << std::endl; matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] < minVal && tau > 2){ matthiasm@0: minVal = yinBuffer[tau]; matthiasm@0: minInd = tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: peakProb[tau] += distribution[currThreshInd]; matthiasm@0: currThreshInd--; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: tau++; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: double nonPeakProb = 1; matthiasm@0: for (size_t i = 0; i < yinBufferSize; ++i) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: nonPeakProb -= peakProb[i]; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: // std::cerr << nonPeakProb << std::endl; matthiasm@0: if (minInd > 0) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: // std::cerr << "min set " << minVal << " " << minInd << " " << nonPeakProb << std::endl; matthiasm@0: peakProb[minInd] += nonPeakProb * minWeight; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: return peakProb; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: double matthiasm@0: YinUtil::parabolicInterpolation(const double *yinBuffer, const size_t tau, const size_t yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: // this is taken almost literally from Joren Six's Java implementation matthiasm@0: if (tau == yinBufferSize) // not valid anyway. matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: return static_cast(tau); matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: double betterTau = 0.0; matthiasm@0: size_t x0; matthiasm@0: size_t x2; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: if (tau < 1) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: x0 = tau; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: x0 = tau - 1; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: if (tau + 1 < yinBufferSize) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: x2 = tau + 1; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: x2 = tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: if (x0 == tau) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] <= yinBuffer[x2]) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: betterTau = tau; matthiasm@0: } else { matthiasm@0: betterTau = x2; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: else if (x2 == tau) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: if (yinBuffer[tau] <= yinBuffer[x0]) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: betterTau = tau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: else matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: betterTau = x0; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: else matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: float s0, s1, s2; matthiasm@0: s0 = yinBuffer[x0]; matthiasm@0: s1 = yinBuffer[tau]; matthiasm@0: s2 = yinBuffer[x2]; matthiasm@0: // fixed AUBIO implementation, thanks to Karl Helgason: matthiasm@0: // (2.0f * s1 - s2 - s0) was incorrectly multiplied with -1 matthiasm@0: betterTau = tau + (s2 - s0) / (2 * (2 * s1 - s2 - s0)); matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: // std::cerr << tau << " --> " << betterTau << std::endl; matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: return betterTau; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: matthiasm@0: double matthiasm@0: YinUtil::sumSquare(const double *in, const size_t start, const size_t end) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: double out = 0; matthiasm@0: for (size_t i = start; i < end; ++i) matthiasm@0: { matthiasm@0: out += in[i] * in[i]; matthiasm@0: } matthiasm@0: return out; matthiasm@0: }