Chris@19: @node Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran, Upgrading from FFTW version 2, Calling FFTW from Modern Fortran, Top Chris@19: @chapter Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @cindex Fortran interface Chris@19: Chris@19: This chapter describes the interface to FFTW callable by Fortran code Chris@19: in older compilers not supporting the Fortran 2003 C interoperability Chris@19: features (@pxref{Calling FFTW from Modern Fortran}). This interface Chris@19: has the major disadvantage that it is not type-checked, so if you Chris@19: mistake the argument types or ordering then your program will not have Chris@19: any compiler errors, and will likely crash at runtime. So, greater Chris@19: care is needed. Also, technically interfacing older Fortran versions Chris@19: to C is nonstandard, but in practice we have found that the techniques Chris@19: used in this chapter have worked with all known Fortran compilers for Chris@19: many years. Chris@19: Chris@19: The legacy Fortran interface differs from the C interface only in the Chris@19: prefix (@samp{dfftw_} instead of @samp{fftw_} in double precision) and Chris@19: a few other minor details. This Fortran interface is included in the Chris@19: FFTW libraries by default, unless a Fortran compiler isn't found on Chris@19: your system or @code{--disable-fortran} is included in the Chris@19: @code{configure} flags. We assume here that the reader is already Chris@19: familiar with the usage of FFTW in C, as described elsewhere in this Chris@19: manual. Chris@19: Chris@19: The MPI parallel interface to FFTW is @emph{not} currently available Chris@19: to legacy Fortran. Chris@19: Chris@19: @menu Chris@19: * Fortran-interface routines:: Chris@19: * FFTW Constants in Fortran:: Chris@19: * FFTW Execution in Fortran:: Chris@19: * Fortran Examples:: Chris@19: * Wisdom of Fortran?:: Chris@19: @end menu Chris@19: Chris@19: @c ------------------------------------------------------- Chris@19: @node Fortran-interface routines, FFTW Constants in Fortran, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @section Fortran-interface routines Chris@19: Chris@19: Nearly all of the FFTW functions have Fortran-callable equivalents. Chris@19: The name of the legacy Fortran routine is the same as that of the Chris@19: corresponding C routine, but with the @samp{fftw_} prefix replaced by Chris@19: @samp{dfftw_}.@footnote{Technically, Fortran 77 identifiers are not Chris@19: allowed to have more than 6 characters, nor may they contain Chris@19: underscores. Any compiler that enforces this limitation doesn't Chris@19: deserve to link to FFTW.} The single and long-double precision Chris@19: versions use @samp{sfftw_} and @samp{lfftw_}, respectively, instead of Chris@19: @samp{fftwf_} and @samp{fftwl_}; quadruple precision (@code{real*16}) Chris@19: is available on some systems as @samp{fftwq_} (@pxref{Precision}). Chris@19: (Note that @code{long double} on x86 hardware is usually at most Chris@19: 80-bit extended precision, @emph{not} quadruple precision.) Chris@19: Chris@19: For the most part, all of the arguments to the functions are the same, Chris@19: with the following exceptions: Chris@19: Chris@19: @itemize @bullet Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: @code{plan} variables (what would be of type @code{fftw_plan} in C), Chris@19: must be declared as a type that is at least as big as a pointer Chris@19: (address) on your machine. We recommend using @code{integer*8} everywhere, Chris@19: since this should always be big enough. Chris@19: @cindex portability Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: Any function that returns a value (e.g. @code{fftw_plan_dft}) is Chris@19: converted into a @emph{subroutine}. The return value is converted into Chris@19: an additional @emph{first} parameter of this subroutine.@footnote{The Chris@19: reason for this is that some Fortran implementations seem to have Chris@19: trouble with C function return values, and vice versa.} Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: @cindex column-major Chris@19: The Fortran routines expect multi-dimensional arrays to be in Chris@19: @emph{column-major} order, which is the ordinary format of Fortran Chris@19: arrays (@pxref{Multi-dimensional Array Format}). They do this Chris@19: transparently and costlessly simply by reversing the order of the Chris@19: dimensions passed to FFTW, but this has one important consequence for Chris@19: multi-dimensional real-complex transforms, discussed below. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: Wisdom import and export is somewhat more tricky because one cannot Chris@19: easily pass files or strings between C and Fortran; see @ref{Wisdom of Chris@19: Fortran?}. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: Legacy Fortran cannot use the @code{fftw_malloc} dynamic-allocation routine. Chris@19: If you want to exploit the SIMD FFTW (@pxref{SIMD alignment and fftw_malloc}), you'll Chris@19: need to figure out some other way to ensure that your arrays are at Chris@19: least 16-byte aligned. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: @tindex fftw_iodim Chris@19: @cindex guru interface Chris@19: Since Fortran 77 does not have data structures, the @code{fftw_iodim} Chris@19: structure from the guru interface (@pxref{Guru vector and transform Chris@19: sizes}) must be split into separate arguments. In particular, any Chris@19: @code{fftw_iodim} array arguments in the C guru interface become three Chris@19: integer array arguments (@code{n}, @code{is}, and @code{os}) in the Chris@19: Fortran guru interface, all of whose lengths should be equal to the Chris@19: corresponding @code{rank} argument. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: The guru planner interface in Fortran does @emph{not} do any automatic Chris@19: translation between column-major and row-major; you are responsible Chris@19: for setting the strides etcetera to correspond to your Fortran arrays. Chris@19: However, as a slight bug that we are preserving for backwards Chris@19: compatibility, the @samp{plan_guru_r2r} in Fortran @emph{does} reverse the Chris@19: order of its @code{kind} array parameter, so the @code{kind} array Chris@19: of that routine should be in the reverse of the order of the iodim Chris@19: arrays (see above). Chris@19: Chris@19: @end itemize Chris@19: Chris@19: In general, you should take care to use Fortran data types that Chris@19: correspond to (i.e. are the same size as) the C types used by FFTW. Chris@19: In practice, this correspondence is usually straightforward Chris@19: (i.e. @code{integer} corresponds to @code{int}, @code{real} Chris@19: corresponds to @code{float}, etcetera). The native Fortran Chris@19: double/single-precision complex type should be compatible with Chris@19: @code{fftw_complex}/@code{fftwf_complex}. Such simple correspondences Chris@19: are assumed in the examples below. Chris@19: @cindex portability Chris@19: Chris@19: @c ------------------------------------------------------- Chris@19: @node FFTW Constants in Fortran, FFTW Execution in Fortran, Fortran-interface routines, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @section FFTW Constants in Fortran Chris@19: Chris@19: When creating plans in FFTW, a number of constants are used to specify Chris@19: options, such as @code{FFTW_MEASURE} or @code{FFTW_ESTIMATE}. The Chris@19: same constants must be used with the wrapper routines, but of course the Chris@19: C header files where the constants are defined can't be incorporated Chris@19: directly into Fortran code. Chris@19: Chris@19: Instead, we have placed Fortran equivalents of the FFTW constant Chris@19: definitions in the file @code{fftw3.f}, which can be found in the same Chris@19: directory as @code{fftw3.h}. If your Fortran compiler supports a Chris@19: preprocessor of some sort, you should be able to @code{include} or Chris@19: @code{#include} this file; otherwise, you can paste it directly into Chris@19: your code. Chris@19: Chris@19: @cindex flags Chris@19: In C, you combine different flags (like @code{FFTW_PRESERVE_INPUT} and Chris@19: @code{FFTW_MEASURE}) using the @samp{@code{|}} operator; in Fortran Chris@19: you should just use @samp{@code{+}}. (Take care not to add in the Chris@19: same flag more than once, though. Alternatively, you can use the Chris@19: @code{ior} intrinsic function standardized in Fortran 95.) Chris@19: Chris@19: @c ------------------------------------------------------- Chris@19: @node FFTW Execution in Fortran, Fortran Examples, FFTW Constants in Fortran, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @section FFTW Execution in Fortran Chris@19: Chris@19: In C, in order to use a plan, one normally calls @code{fftw_execute}, Chris@19: which executes the plan to perform the transform on the input/output Chris@19: arrays passed when the plan was created (@pxref{Using Plans}). The Chris@19: corresponding subroutine call in legacy Fortran is: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: call dfftw_execute(plan) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_execute Chris@19: Chris@19: However, we have had reports that this causes problems with some Chris@19: recent optimizing Fortran compilers. The problem is, because the Chris@19: input/output arrays are not passed as explicit arguments to Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute}, the semantics of Fortran (unlike C) allow the Chris@19: compiler to assume that the input/output arrays are not changed by Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute}. As a consequence, certain compilers end up Chris@19: optimizing out or repositioning the call to @code{dfftw_execute}, Chris@19: assuming incorrectly that it does nothing. Chris@19: Chris@19: There are various workarounds to this, but the safest and simplest Chris@19: thing is to not use @code{dfftw_execute} in Fortran. Instead, use the Chris@19: functions described in @ref{New-array Execute Functions}, which take Chris@19: the input/output arrays as explicit arguments. For example, if the Chris@19: plan is for a complex-data DFT and was created for the arrays Chris@19: @code{in} and @code{out}, you would do: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: call dfftw_execute_dft(plan, in, out) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_execute_dft Chris@19: Chris@19: There are a few things to be careful of, however: Chris@19: Chris@19: @itemize @bullet Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: You must use the correct type of execute function, matching the way Chris@19: the plan was created. Complex DFT plans should use Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute_dft}, Real-input (r2c) DFT plans should use use Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute_dft_r2c}, and real-output (c2r) DFT plans should Chris@19: use @code{dfftw_execute_dft_c2r}. The various r2r plans should use Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute_r2r}. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: You should normally pass the same input/output arrays that were used when Chris@19: creating the plan. This is always safe. Chris@19: Chris@19: @item Chris@19: @emph{If} you pass @emph{different} input/output arrays compared to Chris@19: those used when creating the plan, you must abide by all the Chris@19: restrictions of the new-array execute functions (@pxref{New-array Chris@19: Execute Functions}). The most difficult of these, in Fortran, is the Chris@19: requirement that the new arrays have the same alignment as the Chris@19: original arrays, because there seems to be no way in legacy Fortran to obtain Chris@19: guaranteed-aligned arrays (analogous to @code{fftw_malloc} in C). You Chris@19: can, of course, use the @code{FFTW_UNALIGNED} flag when creating the Chris@19: plan, in which case the plan does not depend on the alignment, but Chris@19: this may sacrifice substantial performance on architectures (like x86) Chris@19: with SIMD instructions (@pxref{SIMD alignment and fftw_malloc}). Chris@19: @ctindex FFTW_UNALIGNED Chris@19: Chris@19: @end itemize Chris@19: Chris@19: @c ------------------------------------------------------- Chris@19: @node Fortran Examples, Wisdom of Fortran?, FFTW Execution in Fortran, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @section Fortran Examples Chris@19: Chris@19: In C, you might have something like the following to transform a Chris@19: one-dimensional complex array: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: fftw_complex in[N], out[N]; Chris@19: fftw_plan plan; Chris@19: Chris@19: plan = fftw_plan_dft_1d(N,in,out,FFTW_FORWARD,FFTW_ESTIMATE); Chris@19: fftw_execute(plan); Chris@19: fftw_destroy_plan(plan); Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: Chris@19: In Fortran, you would use the following to accomplish the same thing: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: double complex in, out Chris@19: dimension in(N), out(N) Chris@19: integer*8 plan Chris@19: Chris@19: call dfftw_plan_dft_1d(plan,N,in,out,FFTW_FORWARD,FFTW_ESTIMATE) Chris@19: call dfftw_execute_dft(plan, in, out) Chris@19: call dfftw_destroy_plan(plan) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_plan_dft_1d Chris@19: @findex dfftw_execute_dft Chris@19: @findex dfftw_destroy_plan Chris@19: Chris@19: Notice how all routines are called as Fortran subroutines, and the Chris@19: plan is returned via the first argument to @code{dfftw_plan_dft_1d}. Chris@19: Notice also that we changed @code{fftw_execute} to Chris@19: @code{dfftw_execute_dft} (@pxref{FFTW Execution in Fortran}). To do Chris@19: the same thing, but using 8 threads in parallel (@pxref{Multi-threaded Chris@19: FFTW}), you would simply prefix these calls with: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: integer iret Chris@19: call dfftw_init_threads(iret) Chris@19: call dfftw_plan_with_nthreads(8) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_init_threads Chris@19: @findex dfftw_plan_with_nthreads Chris@19: Chris@19: (You might want to check the value of @code{iret}: if it is zero, it Chris@19: indicates an unlikely error during thread initialization.) Chris@19: Chris@19: To transform a three-dimensional array in-place with C, you might do: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: fftw_complex arr[L][M][N]; Chris@19: fftw_plan plan; Chris@19: Chris@19: plan = fftw_plan_dft_3d(L,M,N, arr,arr, Chris@19: FFTW_FORWARD, FFTW_ESTIMATE); Chris@19: fftw_execute(plan); Chris@19: fftw_destroy_plan(plan); Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: Chris@19: In Fortran, you would use this instead: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: double complex arr Chris@19: dimension arr(L,M,N) Chris@19: integer*8 plan Chris@19: Chris@19: call dfftw_plan_dft_3d(plan, L,M,N, arr,arr, Chris@19: & FFTW_FORWARD, FFTW_ESTIMATE) Chris@19: call dfftw_execute_dft(plan, arr, arr) Chris@19: call dfftw_destroy_plan(plan) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_plan_dft_3d Chris@19: Chris@19: Note that we pass the array dimensions in the ``natural'' order in both C Chris@19: and Fortran. Chris@19: Chris@19: To transform a one-dimensional real array in Fortran, you might do: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: double precision in Chris@19: dimension in(N) Chris@19: double complex out Chris@19: dimension out(N/2 + 1) Chris@19: integer*8 plan Chris@19: Chris@19: call dfftw_plan_dft_r2c_1d(plan,N,in,out,FFTW_ESTIMATE) Chris@19: call dfftw_execute_dft_r2c(plan, in, out) Chris@19: call dfftw_destroy_plan(plan) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_plan_dft_r2c_1d Chris@19: @findex dfftw_execute_dft_r2c Chris@19: Chris@19: To transform a two-dimensional real array, out of place, you might use Chris@19: the following: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: double precision in Chris@19: dimension in(M,N) Chris@19: double complex out Chris@19: dimension out(M/2 + 1, N) Chris@19: integer*8 plan Chris@19: Chris@19: call dfftw_plan_dft_r2c_2d(plan,M,N,in,out,FFTW_ESTIMATE) Chris@19: call dfftw_execute_dft_r2c(plan, in, out) Chris@19: call dfftw_destroy_plan(plan) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: @findex dfftw_plan_dft_r2c_2d Chris@19: Chris@19: @strong{Important:} Notice that it is the @emph{first} dimension of the Chris@19: complex output array that is cut in half in Fortran, rather than the Chris@19: last dimension as in C. This is a consequence of the interface routines Chris@19: reversing the order of the array dimensions passed to FFTW so that the Chris@19: Fortran program can use its ordinary column-major order. Chris@19: @cindex column-major Chris@19: @cindex r2c/c2r multi-dimensional array format Chris@19: Chris@19: @c ------------------------------------------------------- Chris@19: @node Wisdom of Fortran?, , Fortran Examples, Calling FFTW from Legacy Fortran Chris@19: @section Wisdom of Fortran? Chris@19: Chris@19: In this section, we discuss how one can import/export FFTW wisdom Chris@19: (saved plans) to/from a Fortran program; we assume that the reader is Chris@19: already familiar with wisdom, as described in @ref{Words of Chris@19: Wisdom-Saving Plans}. Chris@19: Chris@19: @cindex portability Chris@19: The basic problem is that is difficult to (portably) pass files and Chris@19: strings between Fortran and C, so we cannot provide a direct Fortran Chris@19: equivalent to the @code{fftw_export_wisdom_to_file}, etcetera, Chris@19: functions. Fortran interfaces @emph{are} provided for the functions Chris@19: that do not take file/string arguments, however: Chris@19: @code{dfftw_import_system_wisdom}, @code{dfftw_import_wisdom}, Chris@19: @code{dfftw_export_wisdom}, and @code{dfftw_forget_wisdom}. Chris@19: @findex dfftw_import_system_wisdom Chris@19: @findex dfftw_import_wisdom Chris@19: @findex dfftw_export_wisdom Chris@19: @findex dfftw_forget_wisdom Chris@19: Chris@19: Chris@19: So, for example, to import the system-wide wisdom, you would do: Chris@19: Chris@19: @example Chris@19: integer isuccess Chris@19: call dfftw_import_system_wisdom(isuccess) Chris@19: @end example Chris@19: Chris@19: As usual, the C return value is turned into a first parameter; Chris@19: @code{isuccess} is non-zero on success and zero on failure (e.g. if Chris@19: there is no system wisdom installed). Chris@19: Chris@19: If you want to import/export wisdom from/to an arbitrary file or Chris@19: elsewhere, you can employ the generic @code{dfftw_import_wisdom} and Chris@19: @code{dfftw_export_wisdom} functions, for which you must supply a Chris@19: subroutine to read/write one character at a time. The FFTW package Chris@19: contains an example file @code{doc/f77_wisdom.f} demonstrating how to Chris@19: implement @code{import_wisdom_from_file} and Chris@19: @code{export_wisdom_to_file} subroutines in this way. (These routines Chris@19: cannot be compiled into the FFTW library itself, lest all FFTW-using Chris@19: programs be required to link with the Fortran I/O library.)