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+<?php
+
+/**
+ * @file
+ * Documentation landing page and topics, plus core library hooks.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @mainpage
+ * Welcome to the Drupal API Documentation!
+ *
+ * This site is an API reference for Drupal, generated from comments embedded
+ * in the source code. More in-depth documentation can be found at
+ * https://www.drupal.org/developing/api.
+ *
+ * Here are some topics to help you get started developing with Drupal.
+ *
+ * @section essentials Essential background concepts
+ *
+ * - @link oo_conventions Object-oriented conventions used in Drupal @endlink
+ * - @link extending Extending and altering Drupal @endlink
+ * - @link best_practices Security and best practices @endlink
+ * - @link info_types Types of information in Drupal @endlink
+ *
+ * @section interface User interface
+ *
+ * - @link menu Menu entries, local tasks, and other links @endlink
+ * - @link routing Routing API and page controllers @endlink
+ * - @link form_api Forms @endlink
+ * - @link block_api Blocks @endlink
+ * - @link ajax Ajax @endlink
+ *
+ * @section store_retrieve Storing and retrieving data
+ *
+ * - @link entity_api Entities @endlink
+ * - @link field Fields @endlink
+ * - @link config_api Configuration API @endlink
+ * - @link state_api State API @endlink
+ * - @link views_overview Views @endlink
+ * - @link database Database abstraction layer @endlink
+ *
+ * @section other_essentials Other essential APIs
+ *
+ * - @link plugin_api Plugins @endlink
+ * - @link container Services and the Dependency Injection Container @endlink
+ * - @link events Events @endlink
+ * - @link i18n Internationalization @endlink
+ * - @link cache Caching @endlink
+ * - @link utility Utility classes and functions @endlink
+ * - @link user_api User accounts, permissions, and roles @endlink
+ * - @link theme_render Render API @endlink
+ * - @link themeable Theme system @endlink
+ * - @link update_api Update API @endlink
+ * - @link migration Migration @endlink
+ *
+ * @section additional Additional topics
+ *
+ * - @link batch Batch API @endlink
+ * - @link queue Queue API @endlink
+ * - @link typed_data Typed Data @endlink
+ * - @link testing Automated tests @endlink
+ * - @link php_assert PHP Runtime Assert Statements @endlink
+ * - @link third_party Integrating third-party applications @endlink
+ *
+ * @section more_info Further information
+ *
+ * - @link https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/groups/8 All topics @endlink
+ * - @link https://www.drupal.org/project/examples Examples project (sample modules) @endlink
+ * - @link https://www.drupal.org/list-changes API change notices @endlink
+ * - @link https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8 Drupal 8 API longer references @endlink
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup third_party REST and Application Integration
+ * @{
+ * Integrating third-party applications using REST and related operations.
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview of web services
+ * Web services make it possible for applications and web sites to read and
+ * update information from other web sites. There are several standard
+ * techniques for providing web services, including:
+ * - SOAP: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP
+ * - XML-RPC: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/XML-RPC
+ * - REST: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer
+ * Drupal sites can both provide web services and integrate third-party web
+ * services.
+ *
+ * @section sec_rest_overview Overview of REST
+ * The REST technique uses basic HTTP requests to obtain and update data, where
+ * each web service defines a specific API (HTTP GET and/or POST parameters and
+ * returned response) for its HTTP requests. REST requests are separated into
+ * several types, known as methods, including:
+ * - GET: Requests to obtain data.
+ * - POST: Requests to update or create data.
+ * - PUT: Requests to update or create data (limited support, currently unused
+ *   by entity resources).
+ * - PATCH: Requests to update a subset of data, such as one field.
+ * - DELETE: Requests to delete data.
+ * The Drupal Core REST module provides support for GET, POST, PATCH, and DELETE
+ * quests on entities, GET requests on the database log from the Database
+ * Logging module, and a plugin framework for providing REST support for other
+ * data and other methods.
+ *
+ * REST requests can be authenticated. The Drupal Core Basic Auth module
+ * provides authentication using the HTTP Basic protocol; the contributed module
+ * OAuth (https://www.drupal.org/project/oauth) implements the OAuth
+ * authentication protocol. You can also use cookie-based authentication, which
+ * would require users to be logged into the Drupal site while using the
+ * application on the third-party site that is using the REST service.
+ *
+ * @section sec_rest Enabling REST for entities and the log
+ * Here are the steps to take to use the REST operations provided by Drupal
+ * Core:
+ * - Enable the REST module, plus Basic Auth (or another authentication method)
+ *   and HAL.
+ * - Node entity support is configured by default. If you would like to support
+ *   other types of entities, you can copy
+ *   core/modules/rest/config/install/rest.settings.yml to your sync
+ *   configuration directory, appropriately modified for other entity types,
+ *   and import it. Support for GET on the log from the Database Logging module
+ *   can also be enabled in this way; in this case, the 'entity:node' line
+ *   in the configuration would be replaced by the appropriate plugin ID,
+ *   'dblog'.
+ * - Set up permissions to allow the desired REST operations for a role, and set
+ *   up one or more user accounts to perform the operations.
+ * - To perform a REST operation, send a request to either the canonical URL
+ *   for an entity (such as node/12345 for a node), or if the entity does not
+ *   have a canonical URL, a URL like entity/(type)/(ID). The URL for a log
+ *   entry is dblog/(ID). The request must have the following properties:
+ *   - The request method must be set to the REST method you are using (POST,
+ *     GET, PATCH, etc.).
+ *   - The content type for the data you send, or the accept type for the
+ *     data you are receiving, must be set to 'application/hal+json'.
+ *   - If you are sending data, it must be JSON-encoded.
+ *   - You'll also need to make sure the authentication information is sent
+ *     with the request, unless you have allowed access to anonymous users.
+ *
+ * For more detailed information on setting up REST, see
+ * https://www.drupal.org/documentation/modules/rest.
+ *
+ * @section sec_plugins Defining new REST plugins
+ * The REST framework in the REST module has support built in for entities, but
+ * it is also an extensible plugin-based system. REST plugins implement
+ * interface \Drupal\rest\Plugin\ResourceInterface, and generally extend base
+ * class \Drupal\rest\Plugin\ResourceBase. They are annotated with
+ * \Drupal\rest\Annotation\RestResource annotation, and must be in plugin
+ * namespace subdirectory Plugin\rest\resource. For more information on how to
+ * create plugins, see the @link plugin_api Plugin API topic. @endlink
+ *
+ * If you create a new REST plugin, you will also need to enable it by
+ * providing default configuration or configuration import, as outlined in
+ * @ref sec_rest above.
+ *
+ * @section sec_integrate Integrating data from other sites into Drupal
+ * If you want to integrate data from other web sites into Drupal, here are
+ * some notes:
+ * - There are contributed modules available for integrating many third-party
+ *   sites into Drupal. Search on https://www.drupal.org/project/project_module
+ * - If there is not an existing module, you will need to find documentation on
+ *   the specific web services API for the site you are trying to integrate.
+ * - There are several classes and functions that are useful for interacting
+ *   with web services:
+ *   - You should make requests using the 'http_client' service, which
+ *     implements \GuzzleHttp\ClientInterface. See the
+ *     @link container Services topic @endlink for more information on
+ *     services. If you cannot use dependency injection to retrieve this
+ *     service, the \Drupal::httpClient() method is available. A good example
+ *     of how to use this service can be found in
+ *     \Drupal\aggregator\Plugin\aggregator\fetcher\DefaultFetcher
+ *   - \Drupal\Component\Serialization\Json (JSON encoding and decoding).
+ *   - PHP has functions and classes for parsing XML; see
+ *     http://php.net/manual/refs.xml.php
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup state_api State API
+ * @{
+ * Information about the State API.
+ *
+ * The State API is one of several methods in Drupal for storing information.
+ * See the @link info_types Information types topic @endlink for an
+ * overview of the different types of information.
+ *
+ * The basic entry point into the State API is \Drupal::state(), which returns
+ * an object of class \Drupal\Core\State\StateInterface. This class has
+ * methods for storing and retrieving state information; each piece of state
+ * information is associated with a string-valued key. Example:
+ * @code
+ * // Get the state class.
+ * $state = \Drupal::state();
+ * // Find out when cron was last run; the key is 'system.cron_last'.
+ * $time = $state->get('system.cron_last');
+ * // Set the cron run time to the current request time.
+ * $state->set('system.cron_last', REQUEST_TIME);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * For more on the State API, see https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8/state
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup config_api Configuration API
+ * @{
+ * Information about the Configuration API.
+ *
+ * The Configuration API is one of several methods in Drupal for storing
+ * information. See the @link info_types Information types topic @endlink for
+ * an overview of the different types of information. The sections below have
+ * more information about the configuration API; see
+ * https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8/configuration for more details.
+ *
+ * @section sec_storage Configuration storage
+ * In Drupal, there is a concept of the "active" configuration, which is the
+ * configuration that is currently in use for a site. The storage used for the
+ * active configuration is configurable: it could be in the database, in files
+ * in a particular directory, or in other storage backends; the default storage
+ * is in the database. Module developers must use the configuration API to
+ * access the active configuration, rather than being concerned about the
+ * details of where and how it is stored.
+ *
+ * Configuration is divided into individual objects, each of which has a
+ * unique name or key. Some modules will have only one configuration object,
+ * typically called 'mymodule.settings'; some modules will have many. Within
+ * a configuration object, configuration settings have data types (integer,
+ * string, Boolean, etc.) and settings can also exist in a nested hierarchy,
+ * known as a "mapping".
+ *
+ * Configuration can also be overridden on a global, per-language, or
+ * per-module basis. See https://www.drupal.org/node/1928898 for more
+ * information.
+ *
+ * @section sec_yaml Configuration YAML files
+ * Whether or not configuration files are being used for the active
+ * configuration storage on a particular site, configuration files are always
+ * used for:
+ * - Defining the default configuration for an extension (module, theme, or
+ *   profile), which is imported to the active storage when the extension is
+ *   enabled. These configuration items are located in the config/install
+ *   sub-directory of the extension. Note that changes to this configuration
+ *   after a module or theme is already enabled have no effect; to make a
+ *   configuration change after a module or theme is enabled, you would need to
+ *   uninstall/reinstall or use a hook_update_N() function.
+ * - Defining optional configuration for a module or theme. Optional
+ *   configuration items are located in the config/optional sub-directory of the
+ *   extension. These configuration items have dependencies that are not
+ *   explicit dependencies of the extension, so they are only installed if all
+ *   dependencies are met. For example, in the scenario that module A defines a
+ *   dependency which requires module B, but module A is installed first and
+ *   module B some time later, then module A's config/optional directory will be
+ *   scanned at that time for newly met dependencies, and the configuration will
+ *   be installed then. If module B is never installed, the configuration item
+ *   will not be installed either.
+ * - Exporting and importing configuration.
+ *
+ * The file storage format for configuration information in Drupal is
+ * @link http://wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML YAML files. @endlink Configuration is
+ * divided into files, each containing one configuration object. The file name
+ * for a configuration object is equal to the unique name of the configuration,
+ * with a '.yml' extension. The default configuration files for each module are
+ * placed in the config/install directory under the top-level module directory,
+ * so look there in most Core modules for examples.
+ *
+ * @section sec_schema Configuration schema and translation
+ * Each configuration file has a specific structure, which is expressed as a
+ * YAML-based configuration schema. The configuration schema details the
+ * structure of the configuration, its data types, and which of its values need
+ * to be translatable. Each module needs to define its configuration schema in
+ * files in the config/schema directory under the top-level module directory, so
+ * look there in most Core modules for examples.
+ *
+ * Configuration can be internationalized; see the
+ * @link i18n Internationalization topic @endlink for more information. Data
+ * types label, text, and date_format in configuration schema are translatable;
+ * string is non-translatable text (the 'translatable' property on a schema
+ * data type definition indicates that it is translatable).
+ *
+ * @section sec_simple Simple configuration
+ * The simple configuration API should be used for information that will always
+ * have exactly one copy or version. For instance, if your module has a
+ * setting that is either on or off, then this is only defined once, and it
+ * would be a Boolean-valued simple configuration setting.
+ *
+ * The first task in using the simple configuration API is to define the
+ * configuration file structure, file name, and schema of your settings (see
+ * @ref sec_yaml above). Once you have done that, you can retrieve the active
+ * configuration object that corresponds to configuration file mymodule.foo.yml
+ * with a call to:
+ * @code
+ * $config = \Drupal::config('mymodule.foo');
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * This will be an object of class \Drupal\Core\Config\Config, which has methods
+ * for getting configuration information. For instance, if your YAML file
+ * structure looks like this:
+ * @code
+ * enabled: '0'
+ * bar:
+ *   baz: 'string1'
+ *   boo: 34
+ * @endcode
+ * you can make calls such as:
+ * @code
+ * // Get a single value.
+ * $enabled = $config->get('enabled');
+ * // Get an associative array.
+ * $bar = $config->get('bar');
+ * // Get one element of the array.
+ * $bar_baz = $config->get('bar.baz');
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The Config object that was obtained and used in the previous examples does
+ * not allow you to change configuration. If you want to change configuration,
+ * you will instead need to get the Config object by making a call to
+ * getEditable() on the config factory:
+ * @code
+ * $config =\Drupal::service('config.factory')->getEditable('mymodule.foo');
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Individual configuration values can be changed or added using the set()
+ * method and saved using the save() method:
+ * @code
+ * // Set a scalar value.
+ * $config->set('enabled', 1);
+ * // Save the configuration.
+ * $config->save();
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Configuration values can also be unset using the clear() method, which is
+ * also chainable:
+ * @code
+ * $config->clear('bar.boo')->save();
+ * $config_data = $config->get('bar');
+ * @endcode
+ * In this example $config_data would return an array with one key - 'baz' -
+ * because 'boo' was unset.
+ *
+ * @section sec_entity Configuration entities
+ * In contrast to the simple configuration settings described in the previous
+ * section, if your module allows users to create zero or more items (where
+ * "items" are things like content type definitions, view definitions, and the
+ * like), then you need to define a configuration entity type to store your
+ * configuration. Creating an entity type, loading entities, and querying them
+ * are outlined in the @link entity_api Entity API topic. @endlink Here are a
+ * few additional steps and notes specific to configuration entities:
+ * - For examples, look for classes that implement
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Config\Entity\ConfigEntityInterface -- one good example is
+ *   the \Drupal\user\Entity\Role entity type.
+ * - In the entity type annotation, you will need to define a 'config_prefix'
+ *   string. When Drupal stores a configuration item, it will be given a name
+ *   composed of your module name, your chosen config prefix, and the ID of
+ *   the individual item, separated by '.'. For example, in the Role entity,
+ *   the config prefix is 'role', so one configuration item might be named
+ *   user.role.anonymous, with configuration file user.role.anonymous.yml.
+ * - You will need to define the schema for your configuration in your
+ *   modulename.schema.yml file, with an entry for 'modulename.config_prefix.*'.
+ *   For example, for the Role entity, the file user.schema.yml has an entry
+ *   user.role.*; see @ref sec_yaml above for more information.
+ * - Your module can provide default/optional configuration entities in YAML
+ *   files; see @ref sec_yaml above for more information.
+ * - Some configuration entities have dependencies on other configuration
+ *   entities, and module developers need to consider this so that configuration
+ *   can be imported, uninstalled, and synchronized in the right order. For
+ *   example, a field display configuration entity would need to depend on
+ *   field configuration, which depends on field and bundle configuration.
+ *   Configuration entity classes expose dependencies by overriding the
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Config\Entity\ConfigEntityInterface::calculateDependencies()
+ *   method.
+ * - On routes for paths starting with '/admin' or otherwise designated as
+ *   administration paths (such as node editing when it is set as an admin
+ *   operation), if they have configuration entity placeholders, configuration
+ *   entities are normally loaded in their original language, without
+ *   translations or other overrides. This is usually desirable, because most
+ *   admin paths are for editing configuration, and you need that to be in the
+ *   source language and to lack possibly dynamic overrides. If for some reason
+ *   you need to have your configuration entity loaded in the currently-selected
+ *   language on an admin path (for instance, if you go to
+ *   example.com/es/admin/your_path and you need the entity to be in Spanish),
+ *   then you can add a 'with_config_overrides' parameter option to your route.
+ *   The same applies if you need to load the entity with overrides (or
+ *   translated) on an admin path like '/node/add/article' (when configured to
+ *   be an admin path). Here's an example using the configurable_language config
+ *   entity:
+ *   @code
+ *   mymodule.myroute:
+ *     path: '/admin/mypath/{configurable_language}'
+ *     defaults:
+ *       _controller: '\Drupal\mymodule\MyController::myMethod'
+ *     options:
+ *       parameters:
+ *         configurable_language:
+ *           type: entity:configurable_language
+ *           with_config_overrides: TRUE
+ *   @endcode
+ *   With the route defined this way, the $configurable_language parameter to
+ *   your controller method will come in translated to the current language.
+ *   Without the parameter options section, it would be in the original
+ *   language, untranslated.
+ *
+ * @see i18n
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup cache Cache API
+ * @{
+ * Information about the Drupal Cache API
+ *
+ * @section basics Basics
+ *
+ * Note: If not specified, all of the methods mentioned here belong to
+ * \Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface.
+ *
+ * The Cache API is used to store data that takes a long time to compute.
+ * Caching can either be permanent or valid only for a certain time span, and
+ * the cache can contain any type of data.
+ *
+ * To use the Cache API:
+ * - Request a cache object through \Drupal::cache() or by injecting a cache
+ *   service.
+ * - Define a Cache ID (cid) value for your data. A cid is a string, which must
+ *   contain enough information to uniquely identify the data. For example, if
+ *   your data contains translated strings, then your cid value must include the
+ *   interface text language selected for page.
+ * - Call the get() method to attempt a cache read, to see if the cache already
+ *   contains your data.
+ * - If your data is not already in the cache, compute it and add it to the
+ *   cache using the set() method. The third argument of set() can be used to
+ *   control the lifetime of your cache item.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ * @code
+ * $cid = 'mymodule_example:' . \Drupal::languageManager()->getCurrentLanguage()->getId();
+ *
+ * $data = NULL;
+ * if ($cache = \Drupal::cache()->get($cid)) {
+ *   $data = $cache->data;
+ * }
+ * else {
+ *   $data = my_module_complicated_calculation();
+ *   \Drupal::cache()->set($cid, $data);
+ * }
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Note the use of $data and $cache->data in the above example. Calls to
+ * \Drupal::cache()->get() return a record that contains the information stored
+ * by \Drupal::cache()->set() in the data property as well as additional meta
+ * information about the cached data. In order to make use of the cached data
+ * you can access it via $cache->data.
+ *
+ * @section bins Cache bins
+ *
+ * Cache storage is separated into "bins", each containing various cache items.
+ * Each bin can be configured separately; see @ref configuration.
+ *
+ * When you request a cache object, you can specify the bin name in your call to
+ * \Drupal::cache(). Alternatively, you can request a bin by getting service
+ * "cache.nameofbin" from the container. The default bin is called "default", with
+ * service name "cache.default", it is used to store common and frequently used
+ * caches.
+ *
+ * Other common cache bins are the following:
+ *   - bootstrap: Data needed from the beginning to the end of most requests,
+ *     that has a very strict limit on variations and is invalidated rarely.
+ *   - render: Contains cached HTML strings like cached pages and blocks, can
+ *     grow to large size.
+ *   - data: Contains data that can vary by path or similar context.
+ *   - discovery: Contains cached discovery data for things such as plugins,
+ *     views_data, or YAML discovered data such as library info.
+ *
+ * A module can define a cache bin by defining a service in its
+ * modulename.services.yml file as follows (substituting the desired name for
+ * "nameofbin"):
+ * @code
+ * cache.nameofbin:
+ *   class: Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface
+ *   tags:
+ *     - { name: cache.bin }
+ *   factory: cache_factory:get
+ *   arguments: [nameofbin]
+ * @endcode
+ * See the @link container Services topic @endlink for more on defining
+ * services.
+ *
+ * @section delete Deletion
+ *
+ * There are two ways to remove an item from the cache:
+ * - Deletion (using delete(), deleteMultiple() or deleteAll()) permanently
+ *   removes the item from the cache.
+ * - Invalidation (using invalidate(), invalidateMultiple() or invalidateAll())
+ *   is a "soft" delete that only marks items as "invalid", meaning "not fresh"
+ *   or "not fresh enough". Invalid items are not usually returned from the
+ *   cache, so in most ways they behave as if they have been deleted. However,
+ *   it is possible to retrieve invalid items, if they have not yet been
+ *   permanently removed by the garbage collector, by passing TRUE as the second
+ *   argument for get($cid, $allow_invalid).
+ *
+ * Use deletion if a cache item is no longer useful; for instance, if the item
+ * contains references to data that has been deleted. Use invalidation if the
+ * cached item may still be useful to some callers until it has been updated
+ * with fresh data. The fact that it was fresh a short while ago may often be
+ * sufficient.
+ *
+ * Invalidation is particularly useful to protect against stampedes. Rather than
+ * having multiple concurrent requests updating the same cache item when it
+ * expires or is deleted, there can be one request updating the cache, while the
+ * other requests can proceed using the stale value. As soon as the cache item
+ * has been updated, all future requests will use the updated value.
+ *
+ * @section tags Cache Tags
+ *
+ * The fourth argument of the set() method can be used to specify cache tags,
+ * which are used to identify which data is included in each cache item. A cache
+ * item can have multiple cache tags (an array of cache tags), and each cache
+ * tag is a string. The convention is to generate cache tags of the form
+ * [prefix]:[suffix]. Usually, you'll want to associate the cache tags of
+ * entities, or entity listings. You won't have to manually construct cache tags
+ * for them — just get their cache tags via
+ * \Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheableDependencyInterface::getCacheTags() and
+ * \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityTypeInterface::getListCacheTags().
+ * Data that has been tagged can be invalidated as a group: no matter the Cache
+ * ID (cid) of the cache item, no matter in which cache bin a cache item lives;
+ * as long as it is tagged with a certain cache tag, it will be invalidated.
+ *
+ * Because of that, cache tags are a solution to the cache invalidation problem:
+ * - For caching to be effective, each cache item must only be invalidated when
+ *   absolutely necessary. (i.e. maximizing the cache hit ratio.)
+ * - For caching to be correct, each cache item that depends on a certain thing
+ *   must be invalidated whenever that certain thing is modified.
+ *
+ * A typical scenario: a user has modified a node that appears in two views,
+ * three blocks and on twelve pages. Without cache tags, we couldn't possibly
+ * know which cache items to invalidate, so we'd have to invalidate everything:
+ * we had to sacrifice effectiveness to achieve correctness. With cache tags, we
+ * can have both.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ * @code
+ * // A cache item with nodes, users, and some custom module data.
+ * $tags = array(
+ *   'my_custom_tag',
+ *   'node:1',
+ *   'node:3',
+ *   'user:7',
+ * );
+ * \Drupal::cache()->set($cid, $data, CacheBackendInterface::CACHE_PERMANENT, $tags);
+ *
+ * // Invalidate all cache items with certain tags.
+ * \Drupal\Core\Cache\Cache::invalidateTags(array('user:1'));
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Drupal is a content management system, so naturally you want changes to your
+ * content to be reflected everywhere, immediately. That's why we made sure that
+ * every entity type in Drupal 8 automatically has support for cache tags: when
+ * you save an entity, you can be sure that the cache items that have the
+ * corresponding cache tags will be invalidated.
+ * This also is the case when you define your own entity types: you'll get the
+ * exact same cache tag invalidation as any of the built-in entity types, with
+ * the ability to override any of the default behavior if needed.
+ * See \Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheableDependencyInterface::getCacheTags(),
+ * \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityTypeInterface::getListCacheTags(),
+ * \Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity::invalidateTagsOnSave() and
+ * \Drupal\Core\Entity\Entity::invalidateTagsOnDelete().
+ *
+ * @section context Cache contexts
+ *
+ * Some computed data depends on contextual data, such as the user roles of the
+ * logged-in user who is viewing a page, the language the page is being rendered
+ * in, the theme being used, etc. When caching the output of such a calculation,
+ * you must cache each variation separately, along with information about which
+ * variation of the contextual data was used in the calculation. The next time
+ * the computed data is needed, if the context matches that for an existing
+ * cached data set, the cached data can be reused; if no context matches, a new
+ * data set can be calculated and cached for later use.
+ *
+ * Cache contexts are services tagged with 'cache.context', whose classes
+ * implement \Drupal\Core\Cache\Context\CacheContextInterface. See
+ * https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8/cache/contexts for more information
+ * on cache contexts, including a list of the contexts that exist in Drupal
+ * core, and information on how to define your own contexts. See the
+ * @link container Services and the Dependency Injection Container @endlink
+ * topic for more information about services.
+ *
+ * Typically, the cache context is specified as part of the #cache property
+ * of a render array; see the Caching section of the
+ * @link theme_render Render API overview topic @endlink for details.
+ *
+ * @section configuration Configuration
+ *
+ * By default cached data is stored in the database. This can be configured
+ * though so that all cached data, or that of an individual cache bin, uses a
+ * different cache backend, such as APCu or Memcache, for storage.
+ *
+ * In a settings.php file, you can override the service used for a particular
+ * cache bin. For example, if your service implementation of
+ * \Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface was called cache.custom, the
+ * following line would make Drupal use it for the 'cache_render' bin:
+ * @code
+ *  $settings['cache']['bins']['render'] = 'cache.custom';
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Additionally, you can register your cache implementation to be used by
+ * default for all cache bins with:
+ * @code
+ *  $settings['cache']['default'] = 'cache.custom';
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * For cache bins that are stored in the database, the number of rows is limited
+ * to 5000 by default. This can be changed for all database cache bins. For
+ * example, to instead limit the number of rows to 50000:
+ * @code
+ * $settings['database_cache_max_rows']['default'] = 50000;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Or per bin (in this example we allow infinite entries):
+ * @code
+ * $settings['database_cache_max_rows']['bins']['dynamic_page_cache'] = -1;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * For monitoring reasons it might be useful to figure out the amount of data
+ * stored in tables. The following SQL snippet can be used for that:
+ * @code
+ * SELECT table_name AS `Table`, table_rows AS 'Num. of Rows',
+ * ROUND(((data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024), 2) `Size in MB` FROM
+ * information_schema.TABLES WHERE table_schema = '***DATABASE_NAME***' AND
+ * table_name LIKE 'cache_%'  ORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC
+ * LIMIT 10;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Cache\DatabaseBackend
+ *
+ * Finally, you can chain multiple cache backends together, see
+ * \Drupal\Core\Cache\ChainedFastBackend and \Drupal\Core\Cache\BackendChain.
+ *
+ * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/1884796
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup user_api User accounts, permissions, and roles
+ * @{
+ * API for user accounts, access checking, roles, and permissions.
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview and terminology
+ * Drupal's permission system is based on the concepts of accounts, roles,
+ * and permissions.
+ *
+ * Users (site visitors) have accounts, which include a user name, an email
+ * address, a password (or some other means of authentication), and possibly
+ * other fields (if defined on the site). Anonymous users have an implicit
+ * account that does not have a real user name or any account information.
+ *
+ * Each user account is assigned one or more roles. The anonymous user account
+ * automatically has the anonymous user role; real user accounts
+ * automatically have the authenticated user role, plus any roles defined on
+ * the site that they have been assigned.
+ *
+ * Each role, including the special anonymous and authenticated user roles, is
+ * granted one or more named permissions, which allow them to perform certain
+ * tasks or view certain content on the site. It is possible to designate a
+ * role to be the "administrator" role; if this is set up, this role is
+ * automatically granted all available permissions whenever a module is
+ * enabled that defines permissions.
+ *
+ * All code in Drupal that allows users to perform tasks or view content must
+ * check that the current user has the correct permission before allowing the
+ * action. In the standard case, access checking consists of answering the
+ * question "Does the current user have permission 'foo'?", and allowing or
+ * denying access based on the answer. Note that access checking should nearly
+ * always be done at the permission level, not by checking for a particular role
+ * or user ID, so that site administrators can set up user accounts and roles
+ * appropriately for their particular sites.
+ *
+ * @section sec_define Defining permissions
+ * Modules define permissions via a $module.permissions.yml file. See
+ * \Drupal\user\PermissionHandler for documentation of permissions.yml files.
+ *
+ * @section sec_access Access permission checking
+ * Depending on the situation, there are several methods for ensuring that
+ * access checks are done properly in Drupal:
+ * - Routes: When you register a route, include a 'requirements' section that
+ *   either gives the machine name of the permission that is needed to visit the
+ *   URL of the route, or tells Drupal to use an access check method or service
+ *   to check access. See the @link menu Routing topic @endlink for more
+ *   information.
+ * - Entities: Access for various entity operations is designated either with
+ *   simple permissions or access control handler classes in the entity
+ *   annotation. See the @link entity_api Entity API topic @endlink for more
+ *   information.
+ * - Other code: There is a 'current_user' service, which can be injected into
+ *   classes to provide access to the current user account (see the
+ *   @link container Services and Dependency Injection topic @endlink for more
+ *   information on dependency injection). In code that cannot use dependency
+ *   injection, you can access this service and retrieve the current user
+ *   account object by calling \Drupal::currentUser(). Once you have a user
+ *   object for the current user (implementing \Drupal\user\UserInterface), you
+ *   can call inherited method
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Session\AccountInterface::hasPermission() to check
+ *   permissions, or pass this object into other functions/methods.
+ * - Forms: Each element of a form array can have a Boolean '#access' property,
+ *   which determines whether that element is visible and/or usable. This is a
+ *   common need in forms, so the current user service (described above) is
+ *   injected into the form base class as method
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Form\FormBase::currentUser().
+ *
+ * @section sec_entities User and role objects
+ * User objects in Drupal are entity items, implementing
+ * \Drupal\user\UserInterface. Role objects in Drupal are also entity items,
+ * implementing \Drupal\user\RoleInterface. See the
+ * @link entity_api Entity API topic @endlink for more information about
+ * entities in general (including how to load, create, modify, and query them).
+ *
+ * Roles often need to be manipulated in automated test code, such as to add
+ * permissions to them. Here's an example:
+ * @code
+ * $role = \Drupal\user\Entity\Role::load('authenticated');
+ * $role->grantPermission('access comments');
+ * $role->save();
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Other important interfaces:
+ * - \Drupal\Core\Session\AccountInterface: The part of UserInterface that
+ *   deals with access checking. In writing code that checks access, your
+ *   method parameters should use this interface, not UserInterface.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\Session\AccountProxyInterface: The interface for the
+ *   current_user service (described above).
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup container Services and Dependency Injection Container
+ * @{
+ * Overview of the Dependency Injection Container and Services.
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview of container, injection, and services
+ * The Services and Dependency Injection Container concepts have been adopted by
+ * Drupal from the @link http://symfony.com/ Symfony framework. @endlink A
+ * "service" (such as accessing the database, sending email, or translating user
+ * interface text) is defined (given a name and an interface or at least a
+ * class that defines the methods that may be called), and a default class is
+ * designated to provide the service. These two steps must be done together, and
+ * can be done by Drupal Core or a module. Other modules can then define
+ * alternative classes to provide the same services, overriding the default
+ * classes. Classes and functions that need to use the service should always
+ * instantiate the class via the dependency injection container (also known
+ * simply as the "container"), rather than instantiating a particular service
+ * provider class directly, so that they get the correct class (default or
+ * overridden).
+ *
+ * See https://www.drupal.org/node/2133171 for more detailed information on
+ * services and the dependency injection container.
+ *
+ * @section sec_discover Discovering existing services
+ * Drupal core defines many core services in the core.services.yml file (in the
+ * top-level core directory). Some Drupal Core modules and contributed modules
+ * also define services in modulename.services.yml files. API reference sites
+ * (such as https://api.drupal.org) generate lists of all existing services from
+ * these files. Look for the Services link in the API Navigation block.
+ * Alternatively you can look through the individual files manually.
+ *
+ * A typical service definition in a *.services.yml file looks like this:
+ * @code
+ * path.alias_manager:
+ *   class: Drupal\Core\Path\AliasManager
+ *   arguments: ['@path.crud', '@path.alias_whitelist', '@language_manager']
+ * @endcode
+ * Some services use other services as factories; a typical service definition
+ * is:
+ * @code
+ *   cache.entity:
+ *     class: Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheBackendInterface
+ *     tags:
+ *       - { name: cache.bin }
+ *     factory: cache_factory:get
+ *     arguments: [entity]
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The first line of a service definition gives the unique machine name of the
+ * service. This is often prefixed by the module name if provided by a module;
+ * however, by convention some service names are prefixed by a group name
+ * instead, such as cache.* for cache bins and plugin.manager.* for plugin
+ * managers.
+ *
+ * The class line either gives the default class that provides the service, or
+ * if the service uses a factory class, the interface for the service. If the
+ * class depends on other services, the arguments line lists the machine
+ * names of the dependencies (preceded by '@'); objects for each of these
+ * services are instantiated from the container and passed to the class
+ * constructor when the service class is instantiated. Other arguments can also
+ * be passed in; see the section at https://www.drupal.org/node/2133171 for more
+ * detailed information.
+ *
+ * Services using factories can be defined as shown in the above example, if the
+ * factory is itself a service. The factory can also be a class; details of how
+ * to use service factories can be found in the section at
+ * https://www.drupal.org/node/2133171.
+ *
+ * @section sec_container Accessing a service through the container
+ * As noted above, if you need to use a service in your code, you should always
+ * instantiate the service class via a call to the container, using the machine
+ * name of the service, so that the default class can be overridden. There are
+ * several ways to make sure this happens:
+ * - For service-providing classes, see other sections of this documentation
+ *   describing how to pass services as arguments to the constructor.
+ * - Plugin classes, controllers, and similar classes have create() or
+ *   createInstance() methods that are used to create an instance of the class.
+ *   These methods come from different interfaces, and have different
+ *   arguments, but they all include an argument $container of type
+ *   \Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface.
+ *   If you are defining one of these classes, in the create() or
+ *   createInstance() method, call $container->get('myservice.name') to
+ *   instantiate a service. The results of these calls are generally passed to
+ *   the class constructor and saved as member variables in the class.
+ * - For functions and class methods that do not have access to either of
+ *   the above methods of dependency injection, you can use service location to
+ *   access services, via a call to the global \Drupal class. This class has
+ *   special methods for accessing commonly-used services, or you can call a
+ *   generic method to access any service. Examples:
+ *   @code
+ *   // Retrieve the entity.manager service object (special method exists).
+ *   $manager = \Drupal::entityManager();
+ *   // Retrieve the service object for machine name 'foo.bar'.
+ *   $foobar = \Drupal::service('foo.bar');
+ *   @endcode
+ *
+ * As a note, you should always use dependency injection (via service arguments
+ * or create()/createInstance() methods) if possible to instantiate services,
+ * rather than service location (via the \Drupal class), because:
+ * - Dependency injection facilitates writing unit tests, since the container
+ *   argument can be mocked and the create() method can be bypassed by using
+ *   the class constructor. If you use the \Drupal class, unit tests are much
+ *   harder to write and your code has more dependencies.
+ * - Having the service interfaces on the class constructor and member variables
+ *   is useful for IDE auto-complete and self-documentation.
+ *
+ * @section sec_define Defining a service
+ * If your module needs to define a new service, here are the steps:
+ * - Choose a unique machine name for your service. Typically, this should
+ *   start with your module name. Example: mymodule.myservice.
+ * - Create a PHP interface to define what your service does.
+ * - Create a default class implementing your interface that provides your
+ *   service. If your class needs to use existing services (such as database
+ *   access), be sure to make these services arguments to your class
+ *   constructor, and save them in member variables. Also, if the needed
+ *   services are provided by other modules and not Drupal Core, you'll want
+ *   these modules to be dependencies of your module.
+ * - Add an entry to a modulename.services.yml file for the service. See
+ *   @ref sec_discover above, or existing *.services.yml files in Core, for the
+ *   syntax; it will start with your machine name, refer to your default class,
+ *   and list the services that need to be passed into your constructor.
+ *
+ * Services can also be defined dynamically, as in the
+ * \Drupal\Core\CoreServiceProvider class, but this is less common for modules.
+ *
+ * @section sec_tags Service tags
+ * Some services have tags, which are defined in the service definition. See
+ * @link service_tag Service Tags @endlink for usage.
+ *
+ * @section sec_injection Overriding the default service class
+ * Modules can override the default classes used for services. Here are the
+ * steps:
+ * - Define a class in the top-level namespace for your module
+ *   (Drupal\my_module), whose name is the camel-case version of your module's
+ *   machine name followed by "ServiceProvider" (for example, if your module
+ *   machine name is my_module, the class must be named
+ *   MyModuleServiceProvider).
+ * - The class needs to implement
+ *   \Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ServiceModifierInterface, which is
+ *   typically done by extending
+ *   \Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ServiceProviderBase.
+ * - The class needs to contain one method: alter(). This method does the
+ *   actual work of telling Drupal to use your class instead of the default.
+ *   Here's an example:
+ *   @code
+ *   public function alter(ContainerBuilder $container) {
+ *     // Override the language_manager class with a new class.
+ *     $definition = $container->getDefinition('language_manager');
+ *     $definition->setClass('Drupal\my_module\MyLanguageManager');
+ *   }
+ *   @endcode
+ *   Note that $container here is an instance of
+ *   \Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ContainerBuilder.
+ *
+ * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/2133171
+ * @see core.services.yml
+ * @see \Drupal
+ * @see \Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface
+ * @see plugin_api
+ * @see menu
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup listing_page_service Page header for Services page
+ * @{
+ * Introduction to services
+ *
+ * A "service" (such as accessing the database, sending email, or translating
+ * user interface text) can be defined by a module or Drupal core. Defining a
+ * service means giving it a name and designating a default class to provide the
+ * service; ideally, there should also be an interface that defines the methods
+ * that may be called. Services are collected into the Dependency Injection
+ * Container, and can be overridden to use different classes or different
+ * instantiation by modules. See the
+ * @link container Services and Dependency Injection Container topic @endlink
+ * for details.
+ *
+ * Some services have tags, which are defined in the service definition. Tags
+ * are used to define a group of related services, or to specify some aspect of
+ * how the service behaves. See the
+ * @link service_tag Service Tags topic @endlink for more information.
+ *
+ * @see container
+ * @see service_tag
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup typed_data Typed Data API
+ * @{
+ * API for describing data based on a set of available data types.
+ *
+ * PHP has data types, such as int, string, float, array, etc., and it is an
+ * object-oriented language that lets you define classes and interfaces.
+ * However, in some cases, it is useful to be able to define an abstract
+ * type (as in an interface, free of implementation details), that still has
+ * properties (which an interface cannot) as well as meta-data. The Typed Data
+ * API provides this abstraction.
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview
+ * Each data type in the Typed Data API is a plugin class (annotation class
+ * example: \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Annotation\DataType); these plugins are
+ * managed by the typed_data_manager service (by default
+ * \Drupal\Core\TypedData\TypedDataManager). Each data object encapsulates a
+ * single piece of data, provides access to the metadata, and provides
+ * validation capability. Also, the typed data plugins have a shorthand
+ * for easily accessing data values, described in @ref sec_tree.
+ *
+ * The metadata of a data object is defined by an object based on a class called
+ * the definition class (see \Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinitionInterface).
+ * The class used can vary by data type and can be specified in the data type's
+ * plugin definition, while the default is set in the $definition_class property
+ * of the annotation class. The default class is
+ * \Drupal\Core\TypedData\DataDefinition. For data types provided by a plugin
+ * deriver, the plugin deriver can set the definition_class property too.
+ * The metadata object provides information about the data, such as the data
+ * type, whether it is translatable, the names of its properties (for complex
+ * types), and who can access it.
+ *
+ * See https://www.drupal.org/node/1794140 for more information about the Typed
+ * Data API.
+ *
+ * @section sec_varieties Varieties of typed data
+ * There are three kinds of typed data: primitive, complex, and list.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_primitive Primitive data types
+ * Primitive data types wrap PHP data types and also serve as building blocks
+ * for complex and list typed data. Each primitive data type has an interface
+ * that extends \Drupal\Core\TypedData\PrimitiveInterface, with getValue()
+ * and setValue() methods for accessing the data value, and a default plugin
+ * implementation. Here's a list:
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\IntegerInterface: Plugin ID integer,
+ *   corresponds to PHP type int.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\StringInterface: Plugin ID string,
+ *   corresponds to PHP type string.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\FloatInterface: Plugin ID float,
+ *   corresponds to PHP type float.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\BooleanInterface: Plugin ID bool,
+ *   corresponds to PHP type bool.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\BinaryInterface: Plugin ID binary,
+ *   corresponds to a PHP file resource.
+ * - \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Type\UriInterface: Plugin ID uri.
+ *
+ * @subsection sec_complex Complex data
+ * Complex data types, with interface
+ * \Drupal\Core\TypedData\ComplexDataInterface, represent data with named
+ * properties; the properties can be accessed with get() and set() methods.
+ * The value of each property is itself a typed data object, which can be
+ * primitive, complex, or list data.
+ *
+ * The base type for most complex data is the
+ * \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Plugin\DataType\Map class, which represents an
+ * associative array. Map provides its own definition class in the annotation,
+ * \Drupal\Core\TypedData\MapDataDefinition, and most complex data classes
+ * extend this class. The getValue() and setValue() methods on the Map class
+ * enforce the data definition and its property structure.
+ *
+ * The Drupal Field API uses complex typed data for its field items, with
+ * definition class \Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition.
+ *
+ * @section sec_list Lists
+ * List data types, with interface \Drupal\Core\TypedData\ListInterface,
+ * represent data that is an ordered list of typed data, all of the same type.
+ * More precisely, the plugins in the list must have the same base plugin ID;
+ * however, some types (for example field items and entities) are provided by
+ * plugin derivatives and the sub IDs can be different.
+ *
+ * @section sec_tree Tree handling
+ * Typed data allows you to use shorthand to get data values nested in the
+ * implicit tree structure of the data. For example, to get the value from
+ * an entity field item, the Entity Field API allows you to call:
+ * @code
+ * $value = $entity->fieldName->propertyName;
+ * @endcode
+ * This is really shorthand for:
+ * @code
+ * $field_item_list = $entity->get('fieldName');
+ * $field_item = $field_item_list->get(0);
+ * $property = $field_item->get('propertyName');
+ * $value = $property->getValue();
+ * @endcode
+ * Some notes:
+ * - $property, $field_item, and $field_item_list are all typed data objects,
+ *   while $value is a raw PHP value.
+ * - You can call $property->getParent() to get $field_item,
+ *   $field_item->getParent() to get $field_item_list, or
+ *   $field_item_list->getParent() to get $typed_entity ($entity wrapped in a
+ *   typed data object). $typed_entity->getParent() is NULL.
+ * - For all of these ->getRoot() returns $typed_entity.
+ * - The langcode property is on $field_item_list, but you can access it
+ *   on $property as well, so that all items will report the same langcode.
+ * - When the value of $property is changed by calling $property->setValue(),
+ *   $property->onChange() will fire, which in turn calls the parent object's
+ *   onChange() method and so on. This allows parent objects to react upon
+ *   changes of contained properties or list items.
+ *
+ * @section sec_defining Defining data types
+ * To define a new data type:
+ * - Create a class that implements one of the Typed Data interfaces.
+ *   Typically, you will want to extend one of the classes listed in the
+ *   sections above as a starting point.
+ * - Make your class into a DataType plugin. To do that, put it in namespace
+ *   \Drupal\yourmodule\Plugin\DataType (where "yourmodule" is your module's
+ *   short name), and add annotation of type
+ *   \Drupal\Core\TypedData\Annotation\DataType to the documentation header.
+ *   See the @link plugin_api Plugin API topic @endlink and the
+ *   @link annotation Annotations topic @endlink for more information.
+ *
+ * @section sec_using Using data types
+ * The data types of the Typed Data API can be used in several ways, once they
+ * have been defined:
+ * - In the Field API, data types can be used as the class in the property
+ *   definition of the field. See the @link field Field API topic @endlink for
+ *   more information.
+ * - In configuration schema files, you can use the unique ID ('id' annotation)
+ *   from any DataType plugin class as the 'type' value for an entry. See the
+ *   @link config_api Confuration API topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - If you need to create a typed data object in code, first get the
+ *   typed_data_manager service from the container or by calling
+ *   \Drupal::typedDataManager(). Then pass the plugin ID to
+ *   $manager::createDataDefinition() to create an appropriate data definition
+ *   object. Then pass the data definition object and the value of the data to
+ *   $manager::create() to create a typed data object.
+ *
+ * @see plugin_api
+ * @see container
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup testing Automated tests
+ * @{
+ * Overview of PHPUnit tests and Simpletest tests.
+ *
+ * The Drupal project has embraced a philosophy of using automated tests,
+ * consisting of both unit tests (which test the functionality of classes at a
+ * low level) and functional tests (which test the functionality of Drupal
+ * systems at a higher level, usually involving web output). The goal is to
+ * have test coverage for all or most of the components and features, and to
+ * run the automated tests before any code is changed or added, to make sure
+ * it doesn't break any existing functionality (regression testing).
+ *
+ * In order to implement this philosophy, developers need to do the following:
+ * - When making a patch to fix a bug, make sure that the bug fix patch includes
+ *   a test that fails without the code change and passes with the code change.
+ *   This helps reviewers understand what the bug is, demonstrates that the code
+ *   actually fixes the bug, and ensures the bug will not reappear due to later
+ *   code changes.
+ * - When making a patch to implement a new feature, include new unit and/or
+ *   functional tests in the patch. This serves to both demonstrate that the
+ *   code actually works, and ensure that later changes do not break the new
+ *   functionality.
+ *
+ * @section write_unit Writing PHPUnit tests for classes
+ * PHPUnit tests for classes are written using the industry-standard PHPUnit
+ * framework. Use a PHPUnit test to test functionality of a class if the Drupal
+ * environment (database, settings, etc.) and web browser are not needed for the
+ * test, or if the Drupal environment can be replaced by a "mock" object. To
+ * write a PHPUnit test:
+ * - Define a class that extends \Drupal\Tests\UnitTestCase.
+ * - The class name needs to end in the word Test.
+ * - The namespace must be a subspace/subdirectory of \Drupal\yourmodule\Tests,
+ *   where yourmodule is your module's machine name.
+ * - The test class file must be named and placed under the
+ *   yourmodule/tests/src/Unit directory, according to the PSR-4 standard.
+ * - Your test class needs a phpDoc comment block with a description and
+ *   a @group annotation, which gives information about the test.
+ * - Add test cases by adding method names that start with 'test' and have no
+ *   arguments, for example testYourTestCase(). Each one should test a logical
+ *   subset of the functionality.
+ * For more details, see:
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/phpunit for full documentation on how to write
+ *   PHPUnit tests for Drupal.
+ * - http://phpunit.de for general information on the PHPUnit framework.
+ * - @link oo_conventions Object-oriented programming topic @endlink for more
+ *   on PSR-4, namespaces, and where to place classes.
+ *
+ * @section write_functional Writing functional tests
+ * Functional tests are written using a Drupal-specific framework that is, for
+ * historical reasons, known as "Simpletest". Use a Simpletest test to test the
+ * functionality of sub-system of Drupal, if the functionality depends on the
+ * Drupal database and settings, or to test the web output of Drupal. To
+ * write a Simpletest test:
+ * - For functional tests of the web output of Drupal, define a class that
+ *   extends \Drupal\simpletest\WebTestBase, which contains an internal web
+ *   browser and defines many helpful test assertion methods that you can use
+ *   in your tests. You can specify modules to be enabled by defining a
+ *   $modules member variable -- keep in mind that by default, WebTestBase uses
+ *   a "testing" install profile, with a minimal set of modules enabled.
+ * - For functional tests that do not test web output, define a class that
+ *   extends \Drupal\KernelTests\KernelTestBase. This class is much faster
+ *   than WebTestBase, because instead of making a full install of Drupal, it
+ *   uses an in-memory pseudo-installation (similar to what the installer and
+ *   update scripts use). To use this test class, you will need to create the
+ *   database tables you need and install needed modules manually.
+ * - The namespace must be a subspace/subdirectory of \Drupal\yourmodule\Tests,
+ *   where yourmodule is your module's machine name.
+ * - The test class file must be named and placed under the yourmodule/src/Tests
+ *   directory, according to the PSR-4 standard.
+ * - Your test class needs a phpDoc comment block with a description and
+ *   a @group annotation, which gives information about the test.
+ * - You may also override the default setUp() method, which can set be used to
+ *   set up content types and similar procedures.
+ * - In some cases, you may need to write a test module to support your test;
+ *   put such modules under the yourmodule/tests/modules directory.
+ * - Add test cases by adding method names that start with 'test' and have no
+ *   arguments, for example testYourTestCase(). Each one should test a logical
+ *   subset of the functionality. Each method runs in a new, isolated test
+ *   environment, so it can only rely on the setUp() method, not what has
+ *   been set up by other test methods.
+ * For more details, see:
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/simpletest for full documentation on how to write
+ *   functional tests for Drupal.
+ * - @link oo_conventions Object-oriented programming topic @endlink for more
+ *   on PSR-4, namespaces, and where to place classes.
+ *
+ * @section write_functional_phpunit Write functional PHP tests (phpunit)
+ * Functional tests extend the BrowserTestBase base class, and use PHPUnit as
+ * their underlying framework. They use a simulated browser, in which the test
+ * can click links, visit URLs, post to forms, etc. To write a functional test:
+ * - Extend \Drupal\Tests\BrowserTestBase.
+ * - Place the test in the yourmodule/tests/src/Functional/ directory and use
+ *   the \Drupal\Tests\yourmodule\Functional namespace.
+ * - Add a @group annotation. For example, if the test is for a Drupal 6
+ *   migration process, the group core uses is migrate_drupal_6. Use yourmodule
+ *   as the group name if the test does not belong to another larger group.
+ * - You may also override the default setUp() method, which can be used to set
+ *   up content types and similar procedures. Don't forget to call the parent
+ *   method.
+ * - In some cases, you may need to write a test module to support your test;
+ *   put such modules under the yourmodule/tests/modules directory.
+ * - Add test cases by adding method names that start with 'test' and have no
+ *   arguments, for example testYourTestCase(). Each one should test a logical
+ *   subset of the functionality. Each method runs in a new, isolated test
+ *   environment, so it can only rely on the setUp() method, not what has
+ *   been set up by other test methods.
+ * For more details, see:
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/phpunit/phpunit-browser-test-tutorial for
+ *   a full tutorial on how to write functional PHPUnit tests for Drupal.
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/phpunit for the full documentation on how to write
+ *   PHPUnit tests for Drupal.
+ *
+ * @section write_jsfunctional_phpunit Write functional JavaScript tests (phpunit)
+ * To write a functional test that relies on JavaScript:
+ * - Extend \Drupal\FunctionalJavaScriptTests\JavascriptTestBase.
+ * - Place the test into the yourmodule/tests/src/FunctionalJavascript/
+ *   directory and use the \Drupal\Tests\yourmodule\FunctionalJavascript
+ *   namespace.
+ * - Add a @group annotation. Use yourmodule as the group name if the test does
+ *   not belong to another larger group.
+ * - Set up PhantomJS; see http://phantomjs.org/download.html.
+ * - To run tests, see core/tests/README.md.
+ * - When clicking a link/button with Ajax behavior attached, keep in mind that
+ *   the underlying browser might take time to deliver changes to the HTML. Use
+ *   $this->assertSession()->assertWaitOnAjaxRequest() to wait for the Ajax
+ *   request to finish.
+ * For more details, see:
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/phpunit/phpunit-javascript-testing-tutorial
+ *   for a full tutorial on how to write PHPUnit JavaScript tests for Drupal.
+ * - https://www.drupal.org/phpunit for the full documentation on how to write
+ *   PHPUnit tests for Drupal.
+ *
+ * @section running Running tests
+ * You can run both Simpletest and PHPUnit tests by enabling the core Testing
+ * module (core/modules/simpletest). Once that module is enabled, tests can be
+ * run using the core/scripts/run-tests.sh script, using
+ * @link https://www.drupal.org/project/drush Drush @endlink, or from the
+ *   Testing module user interface.
+ *
+ * PHPUnit tests can also be run from the command line, using the PHPUnit
+ * framework. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2116263 for more information.
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup php_assert PHP Runtime Assert Statements
+ * @{
+ * Use of the assert() statement in Drupal.
+ *
+ * Unit tests also use the term "assertion" to refer to test conditions, so to
+ * avoid confusion the term "runtime assertion" will be used for the assert()
+ * statement throughout the documentation.
+ *
+ * A runtime assertion is a statement that is expected to always be true at
+ * the point in the code it appears at. They are tested using PHP's internal
+ * @link http://php.net/assert assert() @endlink statement. If an
+ * assertion is ever FALSE it indicates an error in the code or in module or
+ * theme configuration files. User-provided configuration files should be
+ * verified with standard control structures at all times, not just checked in
+ * development environments with assert() statements on.
+ *
+ * The Drupal project primarily uses runtime assertions to enforce the
+ * expectations of the API by failing when incorrect calls are made by code
+ * under development. While PHP type hinting does this for objects and arrays,
+ * runtime assertions do this for scalars (strings, integers, floats, etc.) and
+ * complex data structures such as cache and render arrays. They ensure that
+ * methods' return values are the documented data types. They also verify that
+ * objects have been properly configured and set up by the service container.
+ * They supplement unit tests by checking scenarios that do not have unit tests
+ * written for them.
+ *
+ * There are two php settings which affect runtime assertions. The first,
+ * assert.exception, should always be set to 1. The second is zend.assertions.
+ * Set this to -1 in production and 1 in development.
+ *
+ * See https://www.drupal.org/node/2492225 for more information on runtime
+ * assertions.
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup info_types Information types
+ * @{
+ * Types of information in Drupal.
+ *
+ * Drupal has several distinct types of information, each with its own methods
+ * for storage and retrieval:
+ * - Content: Information meant to be displayed on your site: articles, basic
+ *   pages, images, files, custom blocks, etc. Content is stored and accessed
+ *   using @link entity_api Entities @endlink.
+ * - Session: Information about individual users' interactions with the site,
+ *   such as whether they are logged in. This is really "state" information, but
+ *   it is not stored the same way so it's a separate type here. Session data is
+ *   accessed via \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request::getSession(), which
+ *   returns an instance of
+ *   \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\SessionInterface.
+ *   See the @link session Sessions topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - State: Information of a temporary nature, generally machine-generated and
+ *   not human-edited, about the current state of your site. Examples: the time
+ *   when Cron was last run, whether node access permissions need rebuilding,
+ *   etc. See @link state_api the State API topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Configuration: Information about your site that is generally (or at least
+ *   can be) human-edited, but is not Content, and is meant to be relatively
+ *   permanent. Examples: the name of your site, the content types and views
+ *   you have defined, etc. See
+ *   @link config_api the Configuration API topic @endlink for more information.
+ *
+ * @see cache
+ * @see i18n
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup extending Extending and altering Drupal
+ * @{
+ * Overview of extensions and alteration methods for Drupal.
+ *
+ * @section sec_types Types of extensions
+ * Drupal's core behavior can be extended and altered via these three basic
+ * types of extensions:
+ * - Themes: Themes alter the appearance of Drupal sites. They can include
+ *   template files, which alter the HTML markup and other raw output of the
+ *   site; CSS files, which alter the styling applied to the HTML; and
+ *   JavaScript, Flash, images, and other files. For more information, see the
+ *   @link theme_render Theme system and render API topic @endlink and
+ *   https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/theming
+ * - Modules: Modules add to or alter the behavior and functionality of Drupal,
+ *   by using one or more of the methods listed below. For more information
+ *   about creating modules, see https://www.drupal.org/developing/modules/8
+ * - Installation profiles: Installation profiles can be used to
+ *   create distributions, which are complete specific-purpose packages of
+ *   Drupal including additional modules, themes, and data. For more
+ *   information, see https://www.drupal.org/developing/distributions.
+ *
+ * @section sec_alter Alteration methods for modules
+ * Here is a list of the ways that modules can alter or extend Drupal's core
+ * behavior, or the behavior of other modules:
+ * - Hooks: Specially-named functions that a module defines, which are
+ *   discovered and called at specific times, usually to alter behavior or data.
+ *   See the @link hooks Hooks topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Plugins: Classes that a module defines, which are discovered and
+ *   instantiated at specific times to add functionality. See the
+ *   @link plugin_api Plugin API topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Entities: Special plugins that define entity types for storing new types
+ *   of content or configuration in Drupal. See the
+ *   @link entity_api Entity API topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Services: Classes that perform basic operations within Drupal, such as
+ *   accessing the database and sending email. See the
+ *   @link container Dependency Injection Container and Services topic @endlink
+ *   for more information.
+ * - Routing: Providing or altering "routes", which are URLs that Drupal
+ *   responds to, or altering routing behavior with event listener classes.
+ *   See the @link menu Routing and menu topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Events: Modules can register as event subscribers; when an event is
+ *   dispatched, a method is called on each registered subscriber, allowing each
+ *   one to react. See the @link events Events topic @endlink for more
+ *   information.
+ *
+ * @section sec_sample *.info.yml files
+ * Extensions must each be located in a directory whose name matches the short
+ * name (or machine name) of the extension, and this directory must contain a
+ * file named machine_name.info.yml (where machine_name is the machine name of
+ * the extension). See \Drupal\Core\Extension\InfoParserInterface::parse() for
+ * documentation of the format of .info.yml files.
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup plugin_api Plugin API
+ * @{
+ * Using the Plugin API
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview and terminology
+ *
+ * The basic idea of plugins is to allow a particular module or subsystem of
+ * Drupal to provide functionality in an extensible, object-oriented way. The
+ * controlling module or subsystem defines the basic framework (interface) for
+ * the functionality, and other modules can create plugins (implementing the
+ * interface) with particular behaviors. The controlling module instantiates
+ * existing plugins as needed, and calls methods to invoke their functionality.
+ * Examples of functionality in Drupal Core that use plugins include: the block
+ * system (block types are plugins), the entity/field system (entity types,
+ * field types, field formatters, and field widgets are plugins), the image
+ * manipulation system (image effects and image toolkits are plugins), and the
+ * search system (search page types are plugins).
+ *
+ * Plugins are grouped into plugin types, each generally defined by an
+ * interface. Each plugin type is managed by a plugin manager service, which
+ * uses a plugin discovery method to discover provided plugins of that type and
+ * instantiate them using a plugin factory.
+ *
+ * Some plugin types make use of the following concepts or components:
+ * - Plugin derivatives: Allows a single plugin class to present itself as
+ *   multiple plugins. Example: the Menu module provides a block for each
+ *   defined menu via a block plugin derivative.
+ * - Plugin mapping: Allows a plugin class to map a configuration string to an
+ *   instance, and have the plugin automatically instantiated without writing
+ *   additional code.
+ * - Plugin collections: Provide a way to lazily instantiate a set of plugin
+ *   instances from a single plugin definition.
+ *
+ * There are several things a module developer may need to do with plugins:
+ * - Define a completely new plugin type: see @ref sec_define below.
+ * - Create a plugin of an existing plugin type: see @ref sec_create below.
+ * - Perform tasks that involve plugins: see @ref sec_use below.
+ *
+ * See https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8/plugins for more detailed
+ * documentation on the plugin system. There are also topics for a few
+ * of the many existing types of plugins:
+ * - @link block_api Block API @endlink
+ * - @link entity_api Entity API @endlink
+ * - @link field Various types of field-related plugins @endlink
+ * - @link views_plugins Views plugins @endlink (has links to topics covering
+ *   various specific types of Views plugins).
+ * - @link search Search page plugins @endlink
+ *
+ * @section sec_define Defining a new plugin type
+ * To define a new plugin type:
+ * - Define an interface for the plugin. This describes the common set of
+ *   behavior, and the methods you will call on each plugin class that is
+ *   instantiated. Usually this interface will extend one or more of the
+ *   following interfaces:
+ *   - \Drupal\Component\Plugin\PluginInspectionInterface
+ *   - \Drupal\Component\Plugin\ConfigurablePluginInterface
+ *   - \Drupal\Component\Plugin\ContextAwarePluginInterface
+ *   - \Drupal\Core\Plugin\PluginFormInterface
+ *   - \Drupal\Core\Executable\ExecutableInterface
+ * - (optional) Create a base class that provides a partial implementation of
+ *   the interface, for the convenience of developers wishing to create plugins
+ *   of your type. The base class usually extends
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Plugin\PluginBase, or one of the base classes that extends
+ *   this class.
+ * - Choose a method for plugin discovery, and define classes as necessary.
+ *   See @ref sub_discovery below.
+ * - Create a plugin manager/factory class and service, which will discover and
+ *   instantiate plugins. See @ref sub_manager below.
+ * - Use the plugin manager to instantiate plugins. Call methods on your plugin
+ *   interface to perform the tasks of your plugin type.
+ * - (optional) If appropriate, define a plugin collection. See @ref
+ *    sub_collection below for more information.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_discovery Plugin discovery
+ * Plugin discovery is the process your plugin manager uses to discover the
+ * individual plugins of your type that have been defined by your module and
+ * other modules. Plugin discovery methods are classes that implement
+ * \Drupal\Component\Plugin\Discovery\DiscoveryInterface. Most plugin types use
+ * one of the following discovery mechanisms:
+ * - Annotation: Plugin classes are annotated and placed in a defined namespace
+ *   subdirectory. Most Drupal Core plugins use this method of discovery.
+ * - Hook: Plugin modules need to implement a hook to tell the manager about
+ *   their plugins.
+ * - YAML: Plugins are listed in YAML files. Drupal Core uses this method for
+ *   discovering local tasks and local actions. This is mainly useful if all
+ *   plugins use the same class, so it is kind of like a global derivative.
+ * - Static: Plugin classes are registered within the plugin manager class
+ *   itself. Static discovery is only useful if modules cannot define new
+ *   plugins of this type (if the list of available plugins is static).
+ *
+ * It is also possible to define your own custom discovery mechanism or mix
+ * methods together. And there are many more details, such as annotation
+ * decorators, that apply to some of the discovery methods. See
+ * https://www.drupal.org/developing/api/8/plugins for more details.
+ *
+ * The remainder of this documentation will assume Annotation-based discovery,
+ * since this is the most common method.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_manager Defining a plugin manager class and service
+ * To define an annotation-based plugin manager:
+ * - Choose a namespace subdirectory for your plugin. For example, search page
+ *   plugins go in directory Plugin/Search under the module namespace.
+ * - Define an annotation class for your plugin type. This class should extend
+ *   \Drupal\Component\Annotation\Plugin, and for most plugin types, it should
+ *   contain member variables corresponding to the annotations plugins will
+ *   need to provide. All plugins have at least $id: a unique string
+ *   identifier.
+ * - Define an alter hook for altering the discovered plugin definitions. You
+ *   should document the hook in a *.api.php file.
+ * - Define a plugin manager class. This class should implement
+ *   \Drupal\Component\Plugin\PluginManagerInterface; most plugin managers do
+ *   this by extending \Drupal\Core\Plugin\DefaultPluginManager. If you do
+ *   extend the default plugin manager, the only method you will probably need
+ *   to define is the class constructor, which will need to call the parent
+ *   constructor to provide information about the annotation class and plugin
+ *   namespace for discovery, set up the alter hook, and possibly set up
+ *   caching. See classes that extend DefaultPluginManager for examples.
+ * - Define a service for your plugin manager. See the
+ *   @link container Services topic for more information. @endlink Your service
+ *   definition should look something like this, referencing your manager
+ *   class and the parent (default) plugin manager service to inherit
+ *   constructor arguments:
+ *   @code
+ *   plugin.manager.mymodule:
+ *     class: Drupal\mymodule\MyPluginManager
+ *     parent: default_plugin_manager
+ *   @endcode
+ * - If your plugin is configurable, you will also need to define the
+ *   configuration schema and possibly a configuration entity type. See the
+ *   @link config_api Configuration API topic @endlink for more information.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_collection Defining a plugin collection
+ * Some configurable plugin types allow administrators to create zero or more
+ * instances of each plugin, each with its own configuration. For example,
+ * a single block plugin can be configured several times, to display in
+ * different regions of a theme, with different visibility settings, a
+ * different title, or other plugin-specific settings. To make this possible,
+ * a plugin type can make use of what's known as a plugin collection.
+ *
+ * A plugin collection is a class that extends
+ * \Drupal\Component\Plugin\LazyPluginCollection or one of its subclasses; there
+ * are several examples in Drupal Core. If your plugin type uses a plugin
+ * collection, it will usually also have a configuration entity, and the entity
+ * class should implement
+ * \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityWithPluginCollectionInterface. Again, there are
+ * several examples in Drupal Core; see also the @link config_api Configuration
+ * API topic @endlink for more information about configuration entities.
+ *
+ * @section sec_create Creating a plugin of an existing type
+ * Assuming the plugin type uses annotation-based discovery, in order to create
+ * a plugin of an existing type, you will be creating a class. This class must:
+ * - Implement the plugin interface, so that it has the required methods
+ *   defined. Usually, you'll want to extend the plugin base class, if one has
+ *   been provided.
+ * - Have the right annotation in its documentation header. See the
+ *   @link annotation Annotation topic @endlink for more information about
+ *   annotation.
+ * - Be in the right plugin namespace, in order to be discovered.
+ * Often, the easiest way to make sure this happens is to find an existing
+ * example of a working plugin class of the desired type, and copy it into your
+ * module as a starting point.
+ *
+ * You can also create a plugin derivative, which allows your plugin class
+ * to present itself to the user interface as multiple plugins. To do this,
+ * in addition to the plugin class, you'll need to create a separate plugin
+ * derivative class implementing
+ * \Drupal\Component\Plugin\Derivative\DerivativeInterface. The classes
+ * \Drupal\system\Plugin\Block\SystemMenuBlock (plugin class) and
+ * \Drupal\system\Plugin\Derivative\SystemMenuBlock (derivative class) are a
+ * good example to look at.
+ *
+ * @section sec_use Performing tasks involving plugins
+ * Here are the steps to follow to perform a task that involves plugins:
+ * - Locate the machine name of the plugin manager service, and instantiate the
+ *   service. See the @link container Services topic @endlink for more
+ *   information on how to do this.
+ * - On the plugin manager class, use methods like getDefinition(),
+ *   getDefinitions(), or other methods specific to particular plugin managers
+ *   to retrieve information about either specific plugins or the entire list of
+ *   defined plugins.
+ * - Call the createInstance() method on the plugin manager to instantiate
+ *   individual plugin objects.
+ * - Call methods on the plugin objects to perform the desired tasks.
+ *
+ * @see annotation
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup oo_conventions Objected-oriented programming conventions
+ * @{
+ * PSR-4, namespaces, class naming, and other conventions.
+ *
+ * A lot of the PHP code in Drupal is object oriented (OO), making use of
+ * @link http://php.net/manual/language.oop5.php PHP classes, interfaces, and traits @endlink
+ * (which are loosely referred to as "classes" in the rest of this topic). The
+ * following conventions and standards apply to this version of Drupal:
+ * - Each class must be in its own file.
+ * - Classes must be namespaced. If a module defines a class, the namespace
+ *   must start with \Drupal\module_name. If it is defined by Drupal Core for
+ *   use across many modules, the namespace should be \Drupal\Core or
+ *   \Drupal\Component, with the exception of the global class \Drupal. See
+ *   https://www.drupal.org/node/1353118 for more about namespaces.
+ * - In order for the PSR-4-based class auto-loader to find the class, it must
+ *   be located in a directory corresponding to the namespace. For
+ *   module-defined classes, if the namespace is \Drupal\module_name\foo\bar,
+ *   then the class goes under the main module directory in directory
+ *   src/foo/bar. For Drupal-wide classes, if the namespace is
+ *   \Drupal\Core\foo\bar, then it goes in directory
+ *   core/lib/Drupal/Core/foo/bar. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2156625 for
+ *   more information about PSR-4.
+ * - Some classes have annotations added to their documentation headers. See
+ *   the @link annotation Annotation topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - Standard plugin discovery requires particular namespaces and annotation
+ *   for most plugin classes. See the
+ *   @link plugin_api Plugin API topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - There are project-wide coding standards for OO code, including naming:
+ *   https://www.drupal.org/node/608152
+ * - Documentation standards for classes are covered on:
+ *   https://www.drupal.org/coding-standards/docs#classes
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup listing_page_class Page header for Classes page
+ * @{
+ * Introduction to classes
+ *
+ * A lot of the PHP code in Drupal is object oriented (OO), making use of
+ * @link http://php.net/manual/language.oop5.php PHP classes, interfaces, and traits. @endlink
+ * See the
+ * @link oo_conventions Objected-oriented programming conventions @endlink
+ * for more information.
+ *
+ * @see oo_conventions
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup listing_page_namespace Page header for Namespaces page
+ * @{
+ * Introduction to namespaces
+ *
+ * PHP classes, interfaces, and traits in Drupal are
+ * @link http://php.net/manual/language.namespaces.rationale.php namespaced. @endlink
+ * See the
+ * @link oo_conventions Objected-oriented programming conventions @endlink
+ * for more information.
+ *
+ * @see oo_conventions
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup best_practices Best practices for developers
+ * @{
+ * Overview of standards and best practices for developers
+ *
+ * Ideally, all code that is included in Drupal Core and contributed modules,
+ * themes, and distributions will be secure, internationalized, maintainable,
+ * and efficient. In order to facilitate this, the Drupal community has
+ * developed a set of guidelines and standards for developers to follow. Most of
+ * these standards can be found under
+ * @link https://www.drupal.org/developing/best-practices Best practices on Drupal.org @endlink
+ *
+ * Standards and best practices that developers should be aware of include:
+ * - Security: https://www.drupal.org/writing-secure-code and the
+ *   @link sanitization Sanitization functions topic @endlink
+ * - Coding standards: https://www.drupal.org/coding-standards
+ *   and https://www.drupal.org/coding-standards/docs
+ * - Accessibility: https://www.drupal.org/node/1637990 (modules) and
+ *   https://www.drupal.org/node/464472 (themes)
+ * - Usability: https://www.drupal.org/ui-standards
+ * - Internationalization: @link i18n Internationalization topic @endlink
+ * - Automated testing: @link testing Automated tests topic @endlink
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup utility Utility classes and functions
+ * @{
+ * Overview of utility classes and functions for developers.
+ *
+ * Drupal provides developers with a variety of utility functions that make it
+ * easier and more efficient to perform tasks that are either really common,
+ * tedious, or difficult. Utility functions help to reduce code duplication and
+ * should be used in place of one-off code whenever possible.
+ *
+ * @see common.inc
+ * @see file
+ * @see format
+ * @see php_wrappers
+ * @see sanitization
+ * @see transliteration
+ * @see validation
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup hooks Hooks
+ * @{
+ * Define functions that alter the behavior of Drupal core.
+ *
+ * One way for modules to alter the core behavior of Drupal (or another module)
+ * is to use hooks. Hooks are specially-named functions that a module defines
+ * (this is known as "implementing the hook"), which are discovered and called
+ * at specific times to alter or add to the base behavior or data (this is
+ * known as "invoking the hook"). Each hook has a name (example:
+ * hook_batch_alter()), a defined set of parameters, and a defined return value.
+ * Your modules can implement hooks that are defined by Drupal core or other
+ * modules that they interact with. Your modules can also define their own
+ * hooks, in order to let other modules interact with them.
+ *
+ * To implement a hook:
+ * - Locate the documentation for the hook. Hooks are documented in *.api.php
+ *   files, by defining functions whose name starts with "hook_" (these
+ *   files and their functions are never loaded by Drupal -- they exist solely
+ *   for documentation). The function should have a documentation header, as
+ *   well as a sample function body. For example, in the core file
+ *   system.api.php, you can find hooks such as hook_batch_alter(). Also, if
+ *   you are viewing this documentation on an API reference site, the Core
+ *   hooks will be listed in this topic.
+ * - Copy the function to your module's .module file.
+ * - Change the name of the function, substituting your module's short name
+ *   (name of the module's directory, and .info.yml file without the extension)
+ *   for the "hook" part of the sample function name. For instance, to implement
+ *   hook_batch_alter(), you would rename it to my_module_batch_alter().
+ * - Edit the documentation for the function (normally, your implementation
+ *   should just have one line saying "Implements hook_batch_alter().").
+ * - Edit the body of the function, substituting in what you need your module
+ *   to do.
+ *
+ * To define a hook:
+ * - Choose a unique name for your hook. It should start with "hook_", followed
+ *   by your module's short name.
+ * - Provide documentation in a *.api.php file in your module's main
+ *   directory. See the "implementing" section above for details of what this
+ *   should contain (parameters, return value, and sample function body).
+ * - Invoke the hook in your module's code.
+ *
+ * To invoke a hook, use methods on
+ * \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandlerInterface such as alter(), invoke(),
+ * and invokeAll(). You can obtain a module handler by calling
+ * \Drupal::moduleHandler(), or getting the 'module_handler' service on an
+ * injected container.
+ *
+ * @see extending
+ * @see themeable
+ * @see callbacks
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Extension\ModuleHandlerInterface
+ * @see \Drupal::moduleHandler()
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup callbacks Callbacks
+ * @{
+ * Callback function signatures.
+ *
+ * Drupal's API sometimes uses callback functions to allow you to define how
+ * some type of processing happens. A callback is a function with a defined
+ * signature, which you define in a module. Then you pass the function name as
+ * a parameter to a Drupal API function or return it as part of a hook
+ * implementation return value, and your function is called at an appropriate
+ * time. For instance, when setting up batch processing you might need to
+ * provide a callback function for each processing step and/or a callback for
+ * when processing is finished; you would do that by defining these functions
+ * and passing their names into the batch setup function.
+ *
+ * Callback function signatures, like hook definitions, are described by
+ * creating and documenting dummy functions in a *.api.php file; normally, the
+ * dummy callback function's name should start with "callback_", and you should
+ * document the parameters and return value and provide a sample function body.
+ * Then your API documentation can refer to this callback function in its
+ * documentation. A user of your API can usually name their callback function
+ * anything they want, although a standard name would be to replace "callback_"
+ * with the module name.
+ *
+ * @see hooks
+ * @see themeable
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup form_api Form generation
+ * @{
+ * Describes how to generate and manipulate forms and process form submissions.
+ *
+ * Drupal provides a Form API in order to achieve consistency in its form
+ * processing and presentation, while simplifying code and reducing the amount
+ * of HTML that must be explicitly generated by a module.
+ *
+ * @section generating_forms Creating forms
+ * Forms are defined as classes that implement the
+ * \Drupal\Core\Form\FormInterface and are built using the
+ * \Drupal\Core\Form\FormBuilder class. Drupal provides a couple of utility
+ * classes that can be extended as a starting point for most basic forms, the
+ * most commonly used of which is \Drupal\Core\Form\FormBase. FormBuilder
+ * handles the low level processing of forms such as rendering the necessary
+ * HTML, initial processing of incoming $_POST data, and delegating to your
+ * implementation of FormInterface for validation and processing of submitted
+ * data.
+ *
+ * Here is an example of a Form class:
+ * @code
+ * namespace Drupal\mymodule\Form;
+ *
+ * use Drupal\Core\Form\FormBase;
+ * use Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface;
+ *
+ * class ExampleForm extends FormBase {
+ *   public function getFormId() {
+ *     // Unique ID of the form.
+ *     return 'example_form';
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   public function buildForm(array $form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {
+ *     // Create a $form API array.
+ *     $form['phone_number'] = array(
+ *       '#type' => 'tel',
+ *       '#title' => $this->t('Your phone number'),
+ *     );
+ *     $form['save'] = array(
+ *       '#type' => 'submit',
+ *       '#value' => $this->t('Save'),
+ *     );
+ *     return $form;
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   public function validateForm(array &$form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {
+ *     // Validate submitted form data.
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   public function submitForm(array &$form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {
+ *     // Handle submitted form data.
+ *   }
+ * }
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @section retrieving_forms Retrieving and displaying forms
+ * \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm() should be used to handle retrieving,
+ * processing, and displaying a rendered HTML form. Given the ExampleForm
+ * defined above,
+ * \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm('Drupal\mymodule\Form\ExampleForm') would
+ * return the rendered HTML of the form defined by ExampleForm::buildForm(), or
+ * call the validateForm() and submitForm(), methods depending on the current
+ * processing state.
+ *
+ * The argument to \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm() is the name of a class that
+ * implements FormInterface. Any additional arguments passed to the getForm()
+ * method will be passed along as additional arguments to the
+ * ExampleForm::buildForm() method.
+ *
+ * For example:
+ * @code
+ * $extra = '612-123-4567';
+ * $form = \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm('Drupal\mymodule\Form\ExampleForm', $extra);
+ * ...
+ * public function buildForm(array $form, FormStateInterface $form_state, $extra = NULL)
+ *   $form['phone_number'] = array(
+ *     '#type' => 'tel',
+ *     '#title' => $this->t('Your phone number'),
+ *     '#value' => $extra,
+ *   );
+ *   return $form;
+ * }
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Alternatively, forms can be built directly via the routing system which will
+ * take care of calling \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm(). The following example
+ * demonstrates the use of a routing.yml file to display a form at the given
+ * route.
+ *
+ * @code
+ * example.form:
+ *   path: '/example-form'
+ *   defaults:
+ *     _title: 'Example form'
+ *     _form: '\Drupal\mymodule\Form\ExampleForm'
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The $form argument to form-related functions is a specialized render array
+ * containing the elements and properties of the form. For more about render
+ * arrays, see the @link theme_render Render API topic. @endlink For more
+ * detailed explanations of the Form API workflow, see the
+ * @link https://www.drupal.org/node/2117411 Form API documentation section. @endlink
+ * In addition, there is a set of Form API tutorials in the
+ * @link https://www.drupal.org/project/examples Examples for Developers project. @endlink
+ *
+ * In the form builder, validation, submission, and other form methods,
+ * $form_state is the primary influence on the processing of the form and is
+ * passed to most methods, so they can use it to communicate with the form
+ * system and each other. $form_state is an object that implements
+ * \Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface.
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup queue Queue operations
+ * @{
+ * Queue items to allow later processing.
+ *
+ * The queue system allows placing items in a queue and processing them later.
+ * The system tries to ensure that only one consumer can process an item.
+ *
+ * Before a queue can be used it needs to be created by
+ * Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::createQueue().
+ *
+ * Items can be added to the queue by passing an arbitrary data object to
+ * Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::createItem().
+ *
+ * To process an item, call Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::claimItem() and
+ * specify how long you want to have a lease for working on that item.
+ * When finished processing, the item needs to be deleted by calling
+ * Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::deleteItem(). If the consumer dies, the
+ * item will be made available again by the Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface
+ * implementation once the lease expires. Another consumer will then be able to
+ * receive it when calling Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::claimItem().
+ * Due to this, the processing code should be aware that an item might be handed
+ * over for processing more than once.
+ *
+ * The $item object used by the Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface can contain
+ * arbitrary metadata depending on the implementation. Systems using the
+ * interface should only rely on the data property which will contain the
+ * information passed to Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::createItem().
+ * The full queue item returned by Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::claimItem()
+ * needs to be passed to Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueInterface::deleteItem() once
+ * processing is completed.
+ *
+ * There are two kinds of queue backends available: reliable, which preserves
+ * the order of messages and guarantees that every item will be executed at
+ * least once. The non-reliable kind only does a best effort to preserve order
+ * in messages and to execute them at least once but there is a small chance
+ * that some items get lost. For example, some distributed back-ends like
+ * Amazon SQS will be managing jobs for a large set of producers and consumers
+ * where a strict FIFO ordering will likely not be preserved. Another example
+ * would be an in-memory queue backend which might lose items if it crashes.
+ * However, such a backend would be able to deal with significantly more writes
+ * than a reliable queue and for many tasks this is more important. See
+ * aggregator_cron() for an example of how to effectively use a non-reliable
+ * queue. Another example is doing Twitter statistics -- the small possibility
+ * of losing a few items is insignificant next to power of the queue being able
+ * to keep up with writes. As described in the processing section, regardless
+ * of the queue being reliable or not, the processing code should be aware that
+ * an item might be handed over for processing more than once (because the
+ * processing code might time out before it finishes).
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup annotation Annotations
+ * @{
+ * Annotations for class discovery and metadata description.
+ *
+ * The Drupal plugin system has a set of reusable components that developers
+ * can use, override, and extend in their modules. Most of the plugins use
+ * annotations, which let classes register themselves as plugins and describe
+ * their metadata. (Annotations can also be used for other purposes, though
+ * at the moment, Drupal only uses them for the plugin system.)
+ *
+ * To annotate a class as a plugin, add code similar to the following to the
+ * end of the documentation block immediately preceding the class declaration:
+ * @code
+ * * @ContentEntityType(
+ * *   id = "comment",
+ * *   label = @Translation("Comment"),
+ * *   ...
+ * *   base_table = "comment"
+ * * )
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Note that you must use double quotes; single quotes will not work in
+ * annotations.
+ *
+ * Some annotation types, which extend the "@ PluginID" annotation class, have
+ * only a single 'id' key in their annotation. For these, it is possible to use
+ * a shorthand annotation. For example:
+ * @code
+ * * @ViewsArea("entity")
+ * @endcode
+ * in place of
+ * @code
+ * * @ViewsArea(
+ * *   id = "entity"
+ * *)
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The available annotation classes are listed in this topic, and can be
+ * identified when you are looking at the Drupal source code by having
+ * "@ Annotation" in their documentation blocks (without the space after @). To
+ * find examples of annotation for a particular annotation class, such as
+ * EntityType, look for class files that have an @ annotation section using the
+ * annotation class.
+ *
+ * @see plugin_translatable
+ * @see plugin_context
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @addtogroup hooks
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Perform periodic actions.
+ *
+ * Modules that require some commands to be executed periodically can
+ * implement hook_cron(). The engine will then call the hook whenever a cron
+ * run happens, as defined by the administrator. Typical tasks managed by
+ * hook_cron() are database maintenance, backups, recalculation of settings
+ * or parameters, automated mailing, and retrieving remote data.
+ *
+ * Short-running or non-resource-intensive tasks can be executed directly in
+ * the hook_cron() implementation.
+ *
+ * Long-running tasks and tasks that could time out, such as retrieving remote
+ * data, sending email, and intensive file tasks, should use the queue API
+ * instead of executing the tasks directly. To do this, first define one or
+ * more queues via a \Drupal\Core\Annotation\QueueWorker plugin. Then, add items
+ * that need to be processed to the defined queues.
+ */
+function hook_cron() {
+  // Short-running operation example, not using a queue:
+  // Delete all expired records since the last cron run.
+  $expires = \Drupal::state()->get('mymodule.last_check', 0);
+  \Drupal::database()->delete('mymodule_table')
+    ->condition('expires', $expires, '>=')
+    ->execute();
+  \Drupal::state()->set('mymodule.last_check', REQUEST_TIME);
+
+  // Long-running operation example, leveraging a queue:
+  // Queue news feeds for updates once their refresh interval has elapsed.
+  $queue = \Drupal::queue('aggregator_feeds');
+  $ids = \Drupal::entityManager()->getStorage('aggregator_feed')->getFeedIdsToRefresh();
+  foreach (Feed::loadMultiple($ids) as $feed) {
+    if ($queue->createItem($feed)) {
+      // Add timestamp to avoid queueing item more than once.
+      $feed->setQueuedTime(REQUEST_TIME);
+      $feed->save();
+    }
+  }
+  $ids = \Drupal::entityQuery('aggregator_feed')
+    ->condition('queued', REQUEST_TIME - (3600 * 6), '<')
+    ->execute();
+  if ($ids) {
+    $feeds = Feed::loadMultiple($ids);
+    foreach ($feeds as $feed) {
+      $feed->setQueuedTime(0);
+      $feed->save();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter available data types for typed data wrappers.
+ *
+ * @param array $data_types
+ *   An array of data type information.
+ *
+ * @see hook_data_type_info()
+ */
+function hook_data_type_info_alter(&$data_types) {
+  $data_types['email']['class'] = '\Drupal\mymodule\Type\Email';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter cron queue information before cron runs.
+ *
+ * Called by \Drupal\Core\Cron to allow modules to alter cron queue settings
+ * before any jobs are processed.
+ *
+ * @param array $queues
+ *   An array of cron queue information.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Queue\QueueWorkerInterface
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Annotation\QueueWorker
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Cron
+ */
+function hook_queue_info_alter(&$queues) {
+  // This site has many feeds so let's spend 90 seconds on each cron run
+  // updating feeds instead of the default 60.
+  $queues['aggregator_feeds']['cron']['time'] = 90;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter an email message created with MailManagerInterface->mail().
+ *
+ * hook_mail_alter() allows modification of email messages created and sent
+ * with MailManagerInterface->mail(). Usage examples include adding and/or
+ * changing message text, message fields, and message headers.
+ *
+ * Email messages sent using functions other than MailManagerInterface->mail()
+ * will not invoke hook_mail_alter(). For example, a contributed module directly
+ * calling the MailInterface->mail() or PHP mail() function will not invoke
+ * this hook. All core modules use MailManagerInterface->mail() for messaging,
+ * it is best practice but not mandatory in contributed modules.
+ *
+ * @param $message
+ *   An array containing the message data. Keys in this array include:
+ *   - 'id':
+ *     The MailManagerInterface->mail() id of the message. Look at module source
+ *     code or MailManagerInterface->mail() for possible id values.
+ *   - 'to':
+ *     The address or addresses the message will be sent to. The
+ *     formatting of this string must comply with RFC 2822.
+ *   - 'from':
+ *     The address the message will be marked as being from, which is
+ *     either a custom address or the site-wide default email address.
+ *   - 'subject':
+ *     Subject of the email to be sent. This must not contain any newline
+ *     characters, or the email may not be sent properly.
+ *   - 'body':
+ *     An array of strings or objects that implement
+ *     \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface containing the message text. The
+ *     message body is created by concatenating the individual array strings
+ *     into a single text string using "\n\n" as a separator.
+ *   - 'headers':
+ *     Associative array containing mail headers, such as From, Sender,
+ *     MIME-Version, Content-Type, etc.
+ *   - 'params':
+ *     An array of optional parameters supplied by the caller of
+ *     MailManagerInterface->mail() that is used to build the message before
+ *     hook_mail_alter() is invoked.
+ *   - 'language':
+ *     The language object used to build the message before hook_mail_alter()
+ *     is invoked.
+ *   - 'send':
+ *     Set to FALSE to abort sending this email message.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Mail\MailManagerInterface::mail()
+ */
+function hook_mail_alter(&$message) {
+  if ($message['id'] == 'modulename_messagekey') {
+    if (!example_notifications_optin($message['to'], $message['id'])) {
+      // If the recipient has opted to not receive such messages, cancel
+      // sending.
+      $message['send'] = FALSE;
+      return;
+    }
+    $message['body'][] = "--\nMail sent out from " . \Drupal::config('system.site')->get('name');
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prepares a message based on parameters;
+ *
+ * This hook is called from MailManagerInterface->mail(). Note that hook_mail(),
+ * unlike hook_mail_alter(), is only called on the $module argument to
+ * MailManagerInterface->mail(), not all modules.
+ *
+ * @param $key
+ *   An identifier of the mail.
+ * @param $message
+ *   An array to be filled in. Elements in this array include:
+ *   - id: An ID to identify the mail sent. Look at module source code or
+ *     MailManagerInterface->mail() for possible id values.
+ *   - to: The address or addresses the message will be sent to. The
+ *     formatting of this string must comply with RFC 2822.
+ *   - subject: Subject of the email to be sent. This must not contain any
+ *     newline characters, or the mail may not be sent properly.
+ *     MailManagerInterface->mail() sets this to an empty
+ *     string when the hook is invoked.
+ *   - body: An array of lines containing the message to be sent. Drupal will
+ *     format the correct line endings for you. MailManagerInterface->mail()
+ *     sets this to an empty array when the hook is invoked. The array may
+ *     contain either strings or objects implementing
+ *     \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface.
+ *   - from: The address the message will be marked as being from, which is
+ *     set by MailManagerInterface->mail() to either a custom address or the
+ *     site-wide default email address when the hook is invoked.
+ *   - headers: Associative array containing mail headers, such as From,
+ *     Sender, MIME-Version, Content-Type, etc.
+ *     MailManagerInterface->mail() pre-fills several headers in this array.
+ * @param $params
+ *   An array of parameters supplied by the caller of
+ *   MailManagerInterface->mail().
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Mail\MailManagerInterface::mail()
+ */
+function hook_mail($key, &$message, $params) {
+  $account = $params['account'];
+  $context = $params['context'];
+  $variables = [
+    '%site_name' => \Drupal::config('system.site')->get('name'),
+    '%username' => $account->getDisplayName(),
+  ];
+  if ($context['hook'] == 'taxonomy') {
+    $entity = $params['entity'];
+    $vocabulary = Vocabulary::load($entity->id());
+    $variables += [
+      '%term_name' => $entity->name,
+      '%term_description' => $entity->description,
+      '%term_id' => $entity->id(),
+      '%vocabulary_name' => $vocabulary->label(),
+      '%vocabulary_description' => $vocabulary->getDescription(),
+      '%vocabulary_id' => $vocabulary->id(),
+    ];
+  }
+
+  // Node-based variable translation is only available if we have a node.
+  if (isset($params['node'])) {
+    /** @var \Drupal\node\NodeInterface $node */
+    $node = $params['node'];
+    $variables += [
+      '%uid' => $node->getOwnerId(),
+      '%url' => $node->url('canonical', ['absolute' => TRUE]),
+      '%node_type' => node_get_type_label($node),
+      '%title' => $node->getTitle(),
+      '%teaser' => $node->teaser,
+      '%body' => $node->body,
+    ];
+  }
+  $subject = strtr($context['subject'], $variables);
+  $body = strtr($context['message'], $variables);
+  $message['subject'] .= str_replace(["\r", "\n"], '', $subject);
+  $message['body'][] = MailFormatHelper::htmlToText($body);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter the list of mail backend plugin definitions.
+ *
+ * @param array $info
+ *   The mail backend plugin definitions to be altered.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Annotation\Mail
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Mail\MailManager
+ */
+function hook_mail_backend_info_alter(&$info) {
+  unset($info['test_mail_collector']);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter the default country list.
+ *
+ * @param $countries
+ *   The associative array of countries keyed by two-letter country code.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Locale\CountryManager::getList()
+ */
+function hook_countries_alter(&$countries) {
+  // Elbonia is now independent, so add it to the country list.
+  $countries['EB'] = 'Elbonia';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter display variant plugin definitions.
+ *
+ * @param array $definitions
+ *   The array of display variant definitions, keyed by plugin ID.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Display\VariantManager
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Display\Annotation\DisplayVariant
+ */
+function hook_display_variant_plugin_alter(array &$definitions) {
+  $definitions['full_page']['admin_label'] = t('Block layout');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allow modules to alter layout plugin definitions.
+ *
+ * @param \Drupal\Core\Layout\LayoutDefinition[] $definitions
+ *   The array of layout definitions, keyed by plugin ID.
+ */
+function hook_layout_alter(&$definitions) {
+  // Remove a layout.
+  unset($definitions['twocol']);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Flush all persistent and static caches.
+ *
+ * This hook asks your module to clear all of its static caches,
+ * in order to ensure a clean environment for subsequently
+ * invoked data rebuilds.
+ *
+ * Do NOT use this hook for rebuilding information. Only use it to flush custom
+ * caches.
+ *
+ * Static caches using drupal_static() do not need to be reset manually.
+ * However, all other static variables that do not use drupal_static() must be
+ * manually reset.
+ *
+ * This hook is invoked by drupal_flush_all_caches(). It runs before module data
+ * is updated and before hook_rebuild().
+ *
+ * @see drupal_flush_all_caches()
+ * @see hook_rebuild()
+ */
+function hook_cache_flush() {
+  if (defined('MAINTENANCE_MODE') && MAINTENANCE_MODE == 'update') {
+    _update_cache_clear();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rebuild data based upon refreshed caches.
+ *
+ * This hook allows your module to rebuild its data based on the latest/current
+ * module data. It runs after hook_cache_flush() and after all module data has
+ * been updated.
+ *
+ * This hook is only invoked after the system has been completely cleared;
+ * i.e., all previously cached data is known to be gone and every API in the
+ * system is known to return current information, so your module can safely rely
+ * on all available data to rebuild its own.
+ *
+ * @see hook_cache_flush()
+ * @see drupal_flush_all_caches()
+ */
+function hook_rebuild() {
+  $themes = \Drupal::service('theme_handler')->listInfo();
+  foreach ($themes as $theme) {
+    _block_rehash($theme->getName());
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter the configuration synchronization steps.
+ *
+ * @param array $sync_steps
+ *   A one-dimensional array of \Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporter method names
+ *   or callables that are invoked to complete the import, in the order that
+ *   they will be processed. Each callable item defined in $sync_steps should
+ *   either be a global function or a public static method. The callable should
+ *   accept a $context array by reference. For example:
+ *   @code
+ *     function _additional_configuration_step(&$context) {
+ *       // Do stuff.
+ *       // If finished set $context['finished'] = 1.
+ *     }
+ *   @endcode
+ *   For more information on creating batches, see the
+ *   @link batch Batch operations @endlink documentation.
+ *
+ * @see callback_batch_operation()
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporter::initialize()
+ */
+function hook_config_import_steps_alter(&$sync_steps, \Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigImporter $config_importer) {
+  $deletes = $config_importer->getUnprocessedConfiguration('delete');
+  if (isset($deletes['field.storage.node.body'])) {
+    $sync_steps[] = '_additional_configuration_step';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter config typed data definitions.
+ *
+ * For example you can alter the typed data types representing each
+ * configuration schema type to change default labels or form element renderers
+ * used for configuration translation.
+ *
+ * If implementations of this hook add or remove configuration schema a
+ * ConfigSchemaAlterException will be thrown. Keep in mind that there are tools
+ * that may use the configuration schema for static analysis of configuration
+ * files, like the string extractor for the localization system. Such systems
+ * won't work with dynamically defined configuration schemas.
+ *
+ * For adding new data types use configuration schema YAML files instead.
+ *
+ * @param $definitions
+ *   Associative array of configuration type definitions keyed by schema type
+ *   names. The elements are themselves array with information about the type.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Config\TypedConfigManager
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Config\Schema\ConfigSchemaAlterException
+ */
+function hook_config_schema_info_alter(&$definitions) {
+  // Enhance the text and date type definitions with classes to generate proper
+  // form elements in ConfigTranslationFormBase. Other translatable types will
+  // appear as a one line textfield.
+  $definitions['text']['form_element_class'] = '\Drupal\config_translation\FormElement\Textarea';
+  $definitions['date_format']['form_element_class'] = '\Drupal\config_translation\FormElement\DateFormat';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alter validation constraint plugin definitions.
+ *
+ * @param array[] $definitions
+ *   The array of validation constraint definitions, keyed by plugin ID.
+ *
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Validation\ConstraintManager
+ * @see \Drupal\Core\Validation\Annotation\Constraint
+ */
+function hook_validation_constraint_alter(array &$definitions) {
+  $definitions['Null']['class'] = '\Drupal\mymodule\Validator\Constraints\MyClass';
+}
+
+/**
+ * @} End of "addtogroup hooks".
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup ajax Ajax API
+ * @{
+ * Overview for Drupal's Ajax API.
+ *
+ * @section sec_overview Overview of Ajax
+ * Ajax is the process of dynamically updating parts of a page's HTML based on
+ * data from the server. When a specified event takes place, a PHP callback is
+ * triggered, which performs server-side logic and may return updated markup or
+ * JavaScript commands to run. After the return, the browser runs the JavaScript
+ * or updates the markup on the fly, with no full page refresh necessary.
+ *
+ * Many different events can trigger Ajax responses, including:
+ * - Clicking a button
+ * - Pressing a key
+ * - Moving the mouse
+ *
+ * @section sec_framework Ajax responses in forms
+ * Forms that use the Drupal Form API (see the
+ * @link form_api Form API topic @endlink for more information about forms) can
+ * trigger AJAX responses. Here is an outline of the steps:
+ * - Add property '#ajax' to a form element in your form array, to trigger an
+ *   Ajax response.
+ * - Write an Ajax callback to process the input and respond.
+ * See sections below for details on these two steps.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_form Adding Ajax triggers to a form
+ * As an example of adding Ajax triggers to a form, consider editing a date
+ * format, where the user is provided with a sample of the generated date output
+ * as they type. To accomplish this, typing in the text field should trigger an
+ * Ajax response. This is done in the text field form array element
+ * in \Drupal\config_translation\FormElement\DateFormat::getFormElement():
+ * @code
+ * '#ajax' => array(
+ *   'callback' => 'Drupal\config_translation\FormElement\DateFormat::ajaxSample',
+ *   'event' => 'keyup',
+ *   'progress' => array(
+ *     'type' => 'throbber',
+ *     'message' => NULL,
+ *   ),
+ * ),
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * As you can see from this example, the #ajax property for a form element is
+ * an array. Here are the details of its elements, all of which are optional:
+ * - callback: The callback to invoke to handle the server side of the
+ *   Ajax event. More information on callbacks is below in @ref sub_callback.
+ * - wrapper: The HTML 'id' attribute of the area where the content returned by
+ *   the callback should be placed. Note that callbacks have a choice of
+ *   returning content or JavaScript commands; 'wrapper' is used for content
+ *   returns.
+ * - method: The jQuery method for placing the new content (used with
+ *   'wrapper'). Valid options are 'replaceWith' (default), 'append', 'prepend',
+ *   'before', 'after', or 'html'. See
+ *   http://api.jquery.com/category/manipulation/ for more information on these
+ *   methods.
+ * - effect: The jQuery effect to use when placing the new HTML (used with
+ *   'wrapper'). Valid options are 'none' (default), 'slide', or 'fade'.
+ * - speed: The effect speed to use (used with 'effect' and 'wrapper'). Valid
+ *   options are 'slow' (default), 'fast', or the number of milliseconds the
+ *   effect should run.
+ * - event: The JavaScript event to respond to. This is selected automatically
+ *   for the type of form element; provide a value to override the default.
+ * - prevent: A JavaScript event to prevent when the event is triggered. For
+ *   example, if you use event 'mousedown' on a button, you might want to
+ *   prevent 'click' events from also being triggered.
+ * - progress: An array indicating how to show Ajax processing progress. Can
+ *   contain one or more of these elements:
+ *   - type: Type of indicator: 'throbber' (default) or 'bar'.
+ *   - message: Translated message to display.
+ *   - url: For a bar progress indicator, URL path for determining progress.
+ *   - interval: For a bar progress indicator, how often to update it.
+ * - url: A \Drupal\Core\Url to which to submit the Ajax request. If omitted,
+ *   defaults to either the same URL as the form or link destination is for
+ *   someone with JavaScript disabled, or a slightly modified version (e.g.,
+ *   with a query parameter added, removed, or changed) of that URL if
+ *   necessary to support Drupal's content negotiation. It is recommended to
+ *   omit this key and use Drupal's content negotiation rather than using
+ *   substantially different URLs between Ajax and non-Ajax.
+ *
+ * @subsection sub_callback Setting up a callback to process Ajax
+ * Once you have set up your form to trigger an Ajax response (see @ref sub_form
+ * above), you need to write some PHP code to process the response. If you use
+ * 'path' in your Ajax set-up, your route controller will be triggered with only
+ * the information you provide in the URL. If you use 'callback', your callback
+ * method is a function, which will receive the $form and $form_state from the
+ * triggering form. You can use $form_state to get information about the
+ * data the user has entered into the form. For instance, in the above example
+ * for the date format preview,
+ * \Drupal\config_translation\FormElement\DateFormat\ajaxSample() does this to
+ * get the format string entered by the user:
+ * @code
+ * $format_value = \Drupal\Component\Utility\NestedArray::getValue(
+ *   $form_state->getValues(),
+ *   $form_state->getTriggeringElement()['#array_parents']);
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * Once you have processed the input, you have your choice of returning HTML
+ * markup or a set of Ajax commands. If you choose to return HTML markup, you
+ * can return it as a string or a renderable array, and it will be placed in
+ * the defined 'wrapper' element (see documentation above in @ref sub_form).
+ * In addition, any messages returned by drupal_get_messages(), themed as in
+ * status-messages.html.twig, will be prepended.
+ *
+ * To return commands, you need to set up an object of class
+ * \Drupal\Core\Ajax\AjaxResponse, and then use its addCommand() method to add
+ * individual commands to it. In the date format preview example, the format
+ * output is calculated, and then it is returned as replacement markup for a div
+ * like this:
+ * @code
+ * $response = new AjaxResponse();
+ * $response->addCommand(new ReplaceCommand(
+ *   '#edit-date-format-suffix',
+ *   '<small id="edit-date-format-suffix">' . $format . '</small>'));
+ * return $response;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * The individual commands that you can return implement interface
+ * \Drupal\Core\Ajax\CommandInterface. Available commands provide the ability
+ * to pop up alerts, manipulate text and markup in various ways, redirect
+ * to a new URL, and the generic \Drupal\Core\Ajax\InvokeCommand, which
+ * invokes an arbitrary jQuery command.
+ *
+ * As noted above, status messages are prepended automatically if you use the
+ * 'wrapper' method and return HTML markup. This is not the case if you return
+ * commands, but if you would like to show status messages, you can add
+ * @code
+ * array('#type' => 'status_messages')
+ * @endcode
+ * to a render array, use drupal_render() to render it, and add a command to
+ * place the messages in an appropriate location.
+ *
+ * @section sec_other Other methods for triggering Ajax
+ * Here are some additional methods you can use to trigger Ajax responses in
+ * Drupal:
+ * - Add class 'use-ajax' to a link. The link will be loaded using an Ajax
+ *   call. When using this method, the href of the link can contain '/nojs/' as
+ *   part of the path. When the Ajax JavaScript processes the page, it will
+ *   convert this to '/ajax/'. The server is then able to easily tell if this
+ *   request was made through an actual Ajax request or in a degraded state, and
+ *   respond appropriately.
+ * - Add class 'use-ajax-submit' to a submit button in a form. The form will
+ *   then be submitted via Ajax to the path specified in the #action.  Like the
+ *   ajax-submit class on links, this path will have '/nojs/' replaced with
+ *   '/ajax/' so that the submit handler can tell if the form was submitted in a
+ *   degraded state or not.
+ * - Add property '#autocomplete_route_name' to a text field in a form. The
+ *   route controller for this route must return an array of options for
+ *   autocomplete, as a \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\JsonResponse object.
+ *   See the @link menu Routing topic @endlink for more information about
+ *   routing.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @} End of "defgroup ajax".
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup service_tag Service Tags
+ * @{
+ * Service tags overview
+ *
+ * Some services have tags, which are defined in the service definition. Tags
+ * are used to define a group of related services, or to specify some aspect of
+ * how the service behaves. Typically, if you tag a service, your service class
+ * must also implement a corresponding interface. Some common examples:
+ * - access_check: Indicates a route access checking service; see the
+ *   @link menu Menu and routing system topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - cache.bin: Indicates a cache bin service; see the
+ *   @link cache Cache topic @endlink for more information.
+ * - event_subscriber: Indicates an event subscriber service. Event subscribers
+ *   can be used for dynamic routing and route altering; see the
+ *   @link menu Menu and routing system topic @endlink for more information.
+ *   They can also be used for other purposes; see
+ *   http://symfony.com/doc/current/cookbook/doctrine/event_listeners_subscribers.html
+ *   for more information.
+ * - needs_destruction: Indicates that a destruct() method needs to be called
+ *   at the end of a request to finalize operations, if this service was
+ *   instantiated. Services should implement \Drupal\Core\DestructableInterface
+ *   in this case.
+ * - context_provider: Indicates a block context provider, used for example
+ *   by block conditions. It has to implement
+ *   \Drupal\Core\Plugin\Context\ContextProviderInterface.
+ * - http_client_middleware: Indicates that the service provides a guzzle
+ *   middleware, see
+ *   https://guzzle.readthedocs.org/en/latest/handlers-and-middleware.html for
+ *   more information.
+ *
+ * Creating a tag for a service does not do anything on its own, but tags
+ * can be discovered or queried in a compiler pass when the container is built,
+ * and a corresponding action can be taken. See
+ * \Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\MainContentRenderersPass for an example of
+ * finding tagged services.
+ *
+ * See @link container Services and Dependency Injection Container @endlink for
+ * information on services and the dependency injection container.
+ *
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup events Events
+ * @{
+ * Overview of event dispatch and subscribing
+ *
+ * @section sec_intro Introduction and terminology
+ * Events are part of the Symfony framework: they allow for different components
+ * of the system to interact and communicate with each other. Each event has a
+ * unique string name. One system component dispatches the event at an
+ * appropriate time; many events are dispatched by Drupal core and the Symfony
+ * framework in every request. Other system components can register as event
+ * subscribers; when an event is dispatched, a method is called on each
+ * registered subscriber, allowing each one to react. For more on the general
+ * concept of events, see
+ * http://symfony.com/doc/current/components/event_dispatcher/introduction.html
+ *
+ * @section sec_dispatch Dispatching events
+ * To dispatch an event, call the
+ * \Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcherInterface::dispatch()
+ * method on the 'event_dispatcher' service (see the
+ * @link container Services topic @endlink for more information about how to
+ * interact with services). The first argument is the unique event name, which
+ * you should normally define as a constant in a separate static class (see
+ * \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\KernelEvents and
+ * \Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigEvents for examples). The second argument is a
+ * \Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Event object; normally you will need to
+ * extend this class, so that your event class can provide data to the event
+ * subscribers.
+ *
+ * @section sec_subscribe Registering event subscribers
+ * Here are the steps to register an event subscriber:
+ * - Define a service in your module, tagged with 'event_subscriber' (see the
+ *   @link container Services topic @endlink for instructions).
+ * - Define a class for your subscriber service that implements
+ *   \Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface
+ * - In your class, the getSubscribedEvents method returns a list of the events
+ *   this class is subscribed to, and which methods on the class should be
+ *   called for each one. Example:
+ *   @code
+ *   public static function getSubscribedEvents() {
+ *     // Subscribe to kernel terminate with priority 100.
+ *     $events[KernelEvents::TERMINATE][] = array('onTerminate', 100);
+ *     // Subscribe to kernel request with default priority of 0.
+ *     $events[KernelEvents::REQUEST][] = array('onRequest');
+ *     return $events;
+ *   }
+ *   @endcode
+ * - Write the methods that respond to the events; each one receives the
+ *   event object provided in the dispatch as its one argument. In the above
+ *   example, you would need to write onTerminate() and onRequest() methods.
+ *
+ * Note that in your getSubscribedEvents() method, you can optionally set the
+ * priority of your event subscriber (see terminate example above). Event
+ * subscribers with higher priority numbers get executed first; the default
+ * priority is zero. If two event subscribers for the same event have the same
+ * priority, the one defined in a module with a lower module weight will fire
+ * first. Subscribers defined in the same services file are fired in
+ * definition order. If order matters defining a priority is strongly advised
+ * instead of relying on these two tie breaker rules as they might change in a
+ * minor release.
+ * @}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup session Sessions
+ * @{
+ * Store and retrieve data associated with a user's browsing session.
+ *
+ * @section sec_intro Overview
+ * The Drupal session management subsystem is built on top of the Symfony
+ * session component. It is optimized in order to minimize the impact of
+ * anonymous sessions on caching proxies. A session is only started if necessary
+ * and the session cookie is removed from the browser as soon as the session
+ * has no data. For this reason it is important for contributed and custom
+ * code to remove session data if it is not used anymore.
+ *
+ * @section sec_usage Usage
+ * Session data is accessed via the
+ * \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request::getSession()
+ * method, which returns an instance of
+ * \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\SessionInterface. The most
+ * important methods on SessionInterface are set(), get(), and remove().
+ *
+ * The following code fragment shows the implementation of a counter controller
+ * relying on the session:
+ * @code
+ * public function counter(Request $request) {
+ *   $session = $request->getSession();
+ *   $count = $session->get('mymodule.counter', 0) + 1;
+ *   $session->set('mymodule.counter', $count);
+ *
+ *   return [
+ *     '#markup' => $this->t('Page Views: @count', ['@count' => $count]),
+ *     '#cache' => [
+ *       'max-age' => 0,
+ *     ],
+ *   ];
+ * }
+ *
+ * public function reset(Request $request) {
+ *   $session = $request->getSession();
+ *   $session->remove('mymodule.counter');
+ * }
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * It is important to keep the amount of data stored inside the session to a
+ * minimum, as the complete session is loaded on every request. Also third
+ * party session storage backends do not necessarily allow objects of unlimited
+ * size. If it is necessary to collect a non-trivial amount of data specific to
+ * a user's session, use the Key/Value store to save the serialized data and
+ * only store the key to the entry in the session.
+ *
+ * @section sec_reserved Reserved attributes and namespacing
+ * Contributed modules relying on the session are encouraged to namespace
+ * session attributes by prefixing them with their project name or an
+ * abbreviation thereof.
+ *
+ * Some attributes are reserved for Drupal core and must not be accessed from
+ * within contributed and custom code. Reserved attributes include:
+ * - uid: The user ID for an authenticated user. The value of this attribute
+ *   cannot be modified.
+ * @}
+ */